Assess The Roles Of Different Agencies Essay

There are three different agencies of socialisation. The family, the education system and the media. These all have different roles in socialisation. The family effects people in their younger years, before they attend school. It teaches children the appropriate behaviour for their gender. A child’s behaviour is also influenced by how they observe their parents. Parents are influential in shaping basic values such as manners. Margnet Meed (1934) said parents are significant others who receive respect on their opinions and values from the children. Norms differ between families but the family teach children how to address family members, how and where to eat and sleep and the difference between good and bad behaviour. The roles in the family are quite limited and adults have more roles. There are also positive and negative sanctions in the family. These sanctions are informal in the family. Some positive sanctions include facial expressions, verbal approval and physical rewards . Some negative sanctions include being grounded, smacked or disapproval through language. Bernstein suggested that there are differences in how we learn to use language based on the social class of our family and Haralambos and Holborn (2000) claimed that compared to working-class families, middle-class parents emphasise high achievement at school and reward success. Another agency of socialisation is the education system. This teaches us the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed for later life. Jackson (1968) said hidden curriculum is things we learn from the experience of attending school, such as dealing with strangers. It teaches us the historic knowledge of our societies past and the geographic knowledge of our society and other societies. It also teaches us the values of our society. For example, getting good grades and qualifications and that we should work hard for those qualifications. Bowles and Gintis (2002) said there is a correspondent between school norms and work norms . There are positive sanctions in the education system such as gaining grades and qualifications, prizes, praise and encouragement. Parsons (1961) (functionalist) claims that in families children are taught slightly different norms and values meaning some children may be allowed to do things others are not. Bowles and Gintis (1976) (Marxist) claims that schools teach children that the most intelligent get the best results. There are negative sanctions as well such as detention, exclusions, failure to achieve  qualifications and having a bad reputation. The media is the third agency of socialisation. This agency is an unusual agency of socialisation and the relationship is impersonal. The media can expose their values onto us but it is uncertain as to what extent. The media is also very powerful in supporting or marginalising certain values. The norms of the media has a boundary. They can publicise acceptable and unacceptable forms of behaviour and they can also reinforce perceptions of expected behaviours. Some positive sanctions of the media include celebrities such as Kate Middleton and Cheryl Cole, who are always shown at their best. Whereas the negative sanctions are very criticizing and show unflattering pictures. Potter (2003) suggested there’s short term effects of the media, such as learning about new ideas and places, imitation of things that we’ve seen on TV, such as styles of hair and clothes and desensitisation, where our emotional reaction to things such as violence and poverty is lowered because of the constant and repeated exposure. Potter (2003) also suggested there’s long term effects such as consumerism, where the repeated exposure of lifestyles and desirable consumer goods, suggests that happiness is something that can be bought. Fear when the media show negative and violent events which may also lead to people overestimating things, and agenda-setting where the media can determine how things will be debated, for example, immigration. This all shows that the agencies of socialisation are very important in forming and shaping young people and that if these agencies are misused or used in a certain way, there will be consequences in how young people may act in their adult life. Not only does each agency effect the values, norms, roles, behaviour, knowledge and sanctions of people, but they also effect each other, for example, the media, if viewed too much or too seriously, may effect someone’s education as they may learn less or pay less attention, or the family as they may be rude to other family members, more disrespectful or they may be less social.

Christian worldview Essay

Theologians from different ages attempted to answer this question by pointing to the primacy of the Bible and the laws of the Church as the foremost guide to Christian living. Thomas Aquinas, for example, noted that a Christian worldview is Christocentric from the very beginning. that is, the creation was a manifestation of the Word of God. Hence, the Christian is obliged to recognize that the word â€Å"creation† is a partial manifestation of Christ (partial, since the mystery of the Trinity is yet to be revealed to humanity). Hence, every human being is expected by the Creator to be stewards of His creation. This role of stewardship should be characterized by respect for creation, responsible leadership, and brotherhood. Thus, for Aquinas, the Christian worldview is tantamount to recognition of the Christocentric origin of creation and its manifestations (the role of stewardship) in the actions of men. The Concept of Worldview: A Background In Creation Regained : Biblical Basics for a Reformation Worldview , Albert Wolters answers the question by pointing that â€Å"living consciously to the teachings of the Bible and understanding its meaning† is grounded on what he calls â€Å"framework. † This framework is equivalent to the term â€Å"worldview† (in German, Weltanschauung). Worldview literally means a framework of beliefs which functions as a guide to life. The author sees that the elements of a Christian worldview were first derived from the Bible and expounded by the Protestant Reformation. Hence, Wolters exposition of a Christian worldview had its roots from Protestant theology, although the basic elements of a Christian worldview are almost identical. In the book, Wolters created a framework for understanding the teaching of the scripture by expounding three concepts: creation, fall, and redemption. The author notes that the creation was formed out of God’s goodness. this goodness flow from the Divine will to the physical world. It can be said that the physical world to which man is located has that share of Divine Essence. Added to that, when God created man, he set forth creation as man’s purpose. God bestowed on man the role of stewards of creation. Creation serves as the means of man to attain his full development. Thus, it can be said that the â€Å"creation was created for man, and man for creation. † This mutual relationship between creation and man can be exhibited in the book of Genesis. The scope of such relationship became, however, limited because of the fall of humanity. However, the incarnation of the Word to this world became the grounding point for the restoration of creation. Hence, Christ’s redemption of humanity served as the climax for that restoration. God’s Grace as Restoration Here we can argue that God’s grace is not a concept far removed from the physical world. It is neither supra-creational nor anti-creational. God’s grace is restorative in value. God intended to restore the original goodness and meaning of creation to which sin has severely damaged. Wolters argues that because of the expansive scope of God’s redeeming work, Christians are invited to participate in his work in all parts of the world. Thus, the author notes that redemption is tantamount to the fulfillment of God’s will in this world. The afterlife serves as the final test of man’s love for God. The term â€Å"redemption† though is only a subset of God’s grace (since God’s grace is the totality of God’s loving actions towards the history of man). Redemption is viewed as the restoration of man’s relationship with God, which had been severely impaired by the fall. This restoration though, cannot be attained if God is viewed by man as a distant entity. God therefore willed that He must be a participant in the redemption of man, because â€Å"He alone is capable of giving grace to man. † This was manifested in the incarnation of the Word. The incarnation serves as God’s medium to communicate his â€Å"grace† to man. Wolters notes that the baptism of Jesus Christ was the first act to which God made clear His intention of reaching the humanity. This â€Å"reaching† though must be viewed as an act of love. undeterred by the dualist distinction of the divine and the physical. Needless to say, it was also a means of God to show that His preeminence is unbounded by time, space, and matter. that although He is distinct from the three dimensions of the physical world, He is Lord. Concepts of Structure and Direction The relationship among the three concepts can be explained using two terms: structure and direction. Structure refers â€Å"to the order of creation† , that is, it is the unchangeable and objective reality established by God. This establishment of objective reality was basically derived from the Divine Essence, yet distinct from God Himself. This method of ascribing the nature of creation to God is stressed in the work of Catholic and Protestant theologians. According to this method, we assume that God’s nature is translated into another nature by virtue of creation. However, we can never equalize God’s nature with that of creation. The reality expressed in God is different from the reality manifested in creation. Thus, God’s preeminence in terms of nature is recognition of the Divine origin of creation. Thus, the â€Å"order of creation† is derived from the will of God, and yet distinct from His nature. Direction, on the other hand, is about the evil in the world and its corresponding cure. The evil was first manifested in the fall of humanity. the cure in the salvific actions of the incarnated Word. Thus, the author argues that structure and direction comprised the â€Å"worldview. † This worldview though differs from philosophy and theology by virtue of being pre-theoretical. This pre-theoretical notion of worldview is compounded on the will of God. Thus, the author notes that the order of creation (structure) is something derived from God which can be utilized for or against the kingdom of God (direction). The Idea of Creation The idea of creation is expounded in the book of Wolters. Wolters defines it as â€Å"the correlation of the sovereign activity of the Creator and the created order. † This created order is governed by God’s acts called â€Å"laws. † Here, Wolters arrives at a definition of law: â€Å"the totality of God’s ordaining acts toward the cosmos. † Law is a translation of God’s will into actions comprehensible by the human mind. Translation is necessary in order for men to obey the will of God and participate in God’s work (stewardship of creation). Added to that, law is also recognition of the subordinate nature of creation to the will of God. This subordination though does not impede the capacity of creation to reach full development. The law serves as the focal point of development of all creatures since the â€Å"history of creation† is guided by the salvific actions of the Most High. The Conception of Divine Law Nonetheless, the law is foremost the recognition of the sovereignty of the Absolute and Perfect God and of the individuality of the creation. Anything beyond the grasp of God’s ordaining acts does not exist. Development separate from the hands of God will not mature. Thus, it can be said that the law serves as the driving force for the maintenance of the â€Å"order of creation† and its corresponding development. Here Wolters makes a distinction between the law ordained by God and the laws established by man. The law ordained by God serves first as a means for humanity to achieve full development. Humanity from the very beginning is special to God. Among the creatures of the earth, God chose man as his representation. When God said, â€Å"Let us create man in our own image†, God bestows on man the authority to shape the world. Thus, when God established the â€Å"Law†, He intends for obedience to become a point of development. that is, development in accordance to the will of God. As what had been argued earlier, development outside the scope of God’s authority does not exist. Second, God’s law functions as a test to humanity. For example, the laws of nature were established in order to test the efficacy of man’s genuine efforts to reach the Almighty. God wants humanity to discover and reach Him through its own efforts. By the laws of nature, man realizes that a Power exists beyond what he perceives. This Power is the manifested in the powers of nature: the capability to create and destroy. Thus, God intended the law to be a salvific force for man’s redemption. Human law, on the other hand, tends to be brutal and blind in scope. For the most, laws in society protect the strong and promote injustice. Rather than catering to the needs of the weak and the poor, these laws maintain the paramount interests of the ruling class. The consequence: the laws established by society become contradictory to the true purpose of the Higher Law. Rather than viewing these â€Å"secular laws† as an extension of the Law of God, it is perceived by the oppressed as an instrument of injustice and evil. Wolters then argues that because of the inclination of the laws of society to dispense evil and injustice, it becomes an â€Å"enemy of God’s ordained purpose. † Secular and Religious Domains of the Law Wolters argues that the world is divided into â€Å"secular† and â€Å"religious† domains (based from the distinction of human and divine law). The religious domain is that which concerns the private approach to scripture removed from the rudiments of â€Å"public† or â€Å"secular† affairs such as politics, science, art, and scholarship. He argues that the â€Å"religious† domain focuses on the personal ascription of an individual to the nature of the Divine. that is, the world outside the grasp of the human mind. The â€Å"secular† domain is the one derived from God and made meaningful by man. â€Å"Meaningful† here does not connote the imperfection of God in establishing an â€Å"order†, rather God gave man the capability of creating an order to which he may achieve his full potential. Components of Worldview Here, Wolters correlates â€Å"worldview† with the cognitive dimension of humanity as the medium to which man may live faithfully in accordance to the Divine Essence. He notes that if man would rearrange his mental structure to embody the teachings of the Bible, then man’s life would reflect the will of the Divine. Needless to say, man’s life would be renewed and somehow â€Å"restored† to its true purpose. Thus, Wolters argues that a one-way subordinate relationship exists between beliefs and practices. Practices are derived from beliefs. Beliefs are derived from God’s revelation to man (which reached its climax in the redemptive act of Jesus Christ). In this dualism, the inner aspect of worldview is equivalent to beliefs. the outer to practices. These two aspects of dualism though are not mutually exclusive. Man’s beliefs influence his actions. His actions, in turn, reinforce those beliefs. Here, Wolters presents a discussion of consecration and sanctification. Sanctification refers `to the renewal from the inside out. † Consecration, on the other hand, refers â€Å"to external and superficial renewal. † The distinction between these two concepts can be grasped from a substantial understanding of the dualist conception of worldview. Before an individual is renewed superficially, there is a need to rearrange his beliefs. The rearrangement should be based from Biblical precepts declared to be essential to man’s future relationship with God. This rearrangement is termed â€Å"internal reorientation. † When beliefs are properly renewed (consequently worldview is changed), this results to a total reorientation of man’s lives and his activities. Because practices constitute man’s life, reforming becomes a way to enrich that life, and to an extent, to give meaning to its true purpose. It should be noted that this â€Å"new life† is Christocentric in orientation. Faith becomes a manifestation of the Divine Will and transforms into actions contributing to its fulfillment. Here, we can assume that an `internal reorientation† of the inner aspect of worldview is a prerequisite in the total reformation of man’s life. Form of Biblical Worldview The form of Biblical Worldview which Wolters presents in his book can be summarized as follows: The form itself is ordained by God after the fall of man. The fall of humanity destroyed the bridge between God and man, and thus made necessary the proliferation of sin in the world. Because the primary purpose of creation is man, and of man is creation, there was a need to establish a structure and direction that would characterize man’s worldview. Direction though is a manifestation that God gave man freewill. that is, the freedom to choose between good and evil. God though continues to guide humanity throughout history as a Force of salvation and grace. God’s establishment of the Divine Law serves as a means for man to attain his true purpose. This true purpose can only be found in the realm of the Divine. Hence, the law as what Jesus Christ said â€Å"is made for man, not man for the law. † And, worldview is made up of two components: consecration and sanctification. Sanctification is a prerequisite for consecration. A reorientation of man’s belief is necessary for a total transformation of his life. This transformation though must be Christocentric and derived from freewill. Only when these requirements are fulfilled that man reaches the mind of the Divine. The will of God then becomes manifested in the actions of man. Man then is restored to his true purpose (which was damaged by the fall). Personal Understanding of Christianity: Changes Personally, the redemption of Christ serves only as the restoration of God’s infinite love to humanity. This is not the case in Wolters’ book. God’s infinite love had been from the very beginning directed to the nature of man. God intended man to be his close associate, greater than the angels, and receiver of His Divine grace. No point in history that God’s love for humanity diminished. God’s love for humanity is perfect and without bound. Even if the physical world ends, God’s love will flow. This is the ultimate fact of Christianity. Nonetheless, the view (personal) that the restoration of man to his true nature is limited by time and space is also contradictory to the thesis of Wolters. He argues that the restoration or the redemption of humanity through Christ is continuous. that is, the Divine grace moves history towards the full attainment of that restoration. Hence, the righteous is called to participate in this redemptive act so that the â€Å"sinners† would be enlightened of the true purpose of God’s reign. Personally, there are only two events in human history which can be described as salient to Christian faith: fall and redemption. This is though not the case in Wolters’ thesis. From the very beginning (creation), God intended man to live with Himself to attain his potentialities. This was damaged by sin: the element that disrupted (and continues to disrupt) man’s true nature. Man became far from God. Although God tried to reach man, man became (and continues to become) ignorant of himself. Man was blinded by the authority given by God over His creation. He became selfish and ignorant of God’s will. Thus, God willed that man be restored to himself. that is, God wants man to be reconciled to his true nature: a nature that recognizes its Divine origin. Bibliography Aquinas, Thomas. Whether temporal goods fall under merit? † in Summa Theologica (Calvin College, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 2005). Retrieved on 28 October 2007 from http://www. ccel. org/ccel/aquinas/summa. FS_Q114_A10. html. Luther, Martin. â€Å"The Necessity of Knowing God and His Power† in De Servo Arbitrio (On the Enslaved Will. (Calvin College, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 2007). Retrieved on 28 October 2007 from http://www. ccel. org/ccel/luther/bondage. viii. html.

Breaking the Silence

Breaking the Silence: The Power of Articulation We feel safer with a madman who talks than with one who cannot open his mouth, stated the French philosopher E.M. Cioran. Though seemingly counterintuitive, this statement is undoubtedly true, begging us to question what it is about silence that is so powerful. Silence is, by definition, simply the absence of sound. How can an absence be so commanding? The answer lies in its ability to stifle, to overwhelm, and to control. Because it is undefined, silence invites the imagination to run its course, thereby making it profoundly intimidating and controlling. This fact has often been utilized as a means for control. This theory is clearly seen in both Toni Morrisons Beloved and Maxine Hong Kingstons The Woman Warrior, in which different cultures and individuals use silence as a means for power, control, and manipulation. However, though it is the less imposing of the two, language is by no means less powerful than silence. In response to the threat of silence, an urgent need for language and expression arises. As seen in both Beloved and The Woman Warrior, the power of language always prevails; whether through writing, telling stories, or simply allowing memories to present themselves, language always finds a way to break through the silence. In Beloved, silence is used by whites as a tool to suppress blacks both directly and indirectly. Morrison introduces this concept immediately with her dedication to the 60 million and more blacks that were killed in slavery. This is Morrisons way of honoring those people that were faced with the ultimate silence death and are consequently unable to tell their own story. Yet even the blacks who survived struggled against silence. They were denied the opportunity to learn how to write, and were given no say in their fates or the fates of their families. They were also stifled in a more symbolic way, through the brutal and senseless treatment they were made to endure. They were completely deprived of their humanity, made to believe they were worthless, and treated as less than animals. Not only did this dehumanization result in the loss of a personal voice, but it also did lasting damage to the slaves internal ability to find expression for their pain. In order for them to continue l iving as functional human beings even after slavery, they needed to silence their own memories and hide them from others and often from themselves. Sethe, for example, constantly struggles to silence her memories of the pain of slavery, often by working or distracting herself. When the occasional memory resurfaces, she finds herself unable to deal with the emotions that accompany it. In one such instance, she had to do something with her hands because she was remembering something she had forgotten she knew. Something privately shamefulhad seeped into a slit in her mind (Morrison 73). Not only does this display the paralyzing effects of their ill treatment, but it also shows the shame that supplements these horrible memories. To fight these emotions, Sethe forces them back into the recesses of her mind, often by distracting herself. Her motto is, nothing better than that to start the days serious work of beating back the past (ibid 86). In Paul Ds case, he keeps his memories in that tobacco tin buried in his chest where a red heart used to be. Its lid rusted shut (ibid, 86). Even Denver, affected by the problems of slavery only through inheritance, experiences this suppression, this silencing of painful memories or thoughts. When she hears something about her familys past that she could not bear to hear (ibid, 122), she could not hearanything at all thereafter. For two years she walked in a silence too solid for penetration (ibid, 121). This is quite an extreme case, manifesting as it does in physical symptoms, but silence in any form throughout the novel is indicative of the horrible damage caused by slavery. Whether self-inflicted or not, this silence is not a solution; it only prolongs the pain. This suppression cannot last long, for confronting this silence is the only way the former slaves can move on with their lives. While ultimately beneficial, this is not an easy process. As Amy says, Its gonna hurt, nowanything dead coming back to life hurts (ibid, 42). The first problem, the dehumanization (the direct result of slaverys destruction), is a difficult, yet more approachable problem than the suppressed memories. Baby Suggs makes it her goal to tackle this first problem by holding gatherings that promote the expression of humanity, individualization, and love of oneself. She tells them, [the whites] aint in love with your mouthwhat you say out of it they will not heed. What you scream from it they do not hearYou got to love it (ibid, 104). In response, a huge emotional outburst ensues, with laughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it got mixed up (ibid, 103). The release of such pent-up hurt is powerful indeed. For Sethe, Paul D, and Denver, their release is catalyzed by the presence of Beloved, the human embodiment of suppressed memories that are now not only resurfacing, but assuming a physical presence in their lives. Her presence forces them to confront the past, each in a different way. For example, when Paul D is having sex with Beloved, he finds that the flakes of rustfell away from the seams of his tobacco tin. So when the lid gave he didnt know it (ibid, 137). For Denver, Beloved is a reason for her to tell stories. They sit together and Denver spoke, Beloved listened, and the two did the best they could to create what really happened (ibid, 92). This is therapeutic for Denver, who has had to grow up in a house of silence and repression, given only scraps of stories to which she desperately clings. For Sethe, Beloveds mere presence is enough to initiate the catharsis. For everyone, she is a reminder that memories cannot and should not be smothered forever. The silence in Woman Warrior is far less damaging, but is still a very difficult subject for those who are bound by its restrictions. Though with less malicious intentions as those seen in Beloved, this silence similarly tries to control the culture and traditions of a specific society. Efforts are aimed at children, women, and those who transgress all those who are threatening to the continuation of the traditional culture. By controlling what people say (or dont say), the Chinese are able to make sure that people continue to think, act, and feel the way that tradition dictates they should. Especially during a time when their culture is in danger of disintegrating (when faced with immigration to the United States), being selective about what is said allows only select messages to be passed on. This is exemplified in the story of the no name woman, an aunt who is rejected from the family and who later takes her own life (and the life of her newborn baby). The first thing Maxine is told about this woman is you must not tell anyonewe say that your father has all brothers because it is as if she had never been born (Kingston, 3). By not allowing anyone to speak her name or admit her presence, they suppress the parts of their memories that do not agree with the commons goal of the culture an exercise in selective memory carried way too far. Silence is especially valued in girls and children, as seen when Brave Orchid goes to the market to buy a slave girl as a nurse, and readers see that only the quiet girls are valued. Also, when Moon Orchid comes to live with Brave Orchid and family, she is astonished by how impolite [untraditional in Chinese] her children were (ibid, 121). The children do not know to speak only when spoken to, and to talk only at the correct volume, and so Moon Orchid considers them abominable. The children cannot learn these things, however, because no one vocalizes the rules or traditions; they are just expected to know them. The fact that the adults withhold this kind of communication from the children only worsens the anxiety the children have about not being able to fit in. They do not know how to fit into American culture, for no one tells them how. They do not know how to fit into Chinese culture, for no one tells them how. And they certainly cannot figure out how to be Chinese-American, for no one even knows how. The children are even lost when it comes to tradition. Maxine observes, even the good things are unspeakablewe kids had to infer the holidaysthe adults get mad, evasive, and shut you up if you ask (ibid, 185). Maxine even insists that her mother cut her tongue when she was a child to keep her silent. Though not for that reason, this did in fact happen she remained completely silent for three years. She did not really understand her silence or the reasons for it, but she could understand that the other Chinese girls did not talk either, so [she] knew the silence had to do with being a Chinese girl (ibid , 166). The childrens difficulty with language is one of many unfortunate by-products of their cultures control over what is said and what is not said. As Maxine observes, you cant entrust your voice to the Chinese, either; they want to capture your voice for their own use. They want to fix up your tongue to speak for them (ibid, 169). Though it is most clearly expressed in the children, both children and adults struggle to find a way to maintain their own voices in a culture that wants to capture them. As has been demonstrated, the suppression of memories is never complete, never permanent, and never a solution; language and expression always show themselves, either aggressively or subtly. In The Woman Warrior, readers find that the methods for this vary from story-telling (referred to as talk-stories) to projection onto others and consequent bullying. Brave Orchid, Moon Orchid, and eventually Maxine all take the first path by using these talk-stories as selective messages chosen to reflect specific things that they cannot explicitly say. White Tigers is a story of female strength, of finding a balance between a womans filial, societal duties and her personal goals. These things can never be outwardly conveyed from mother to daughter in Chinese society, but through elaborate stories Brave Orchid is able to pass this wisdom on to Maxine. Similarly, the story of Brave Orchids past as a well-respected doctor serves to subtly inspire hope in Maxine, all the while teaching her that whi le she has goals, she also has duties to fulfill (as seen in Brave Orchids choice to leave this life for a more unstable one in America, with her family). This is the womens disguised way of breaking the silence, of ensuring the psychological and emotional strength of the future female generations. Maxine does not observe this immediately, although she seems to have always been attracted to stories and storytelling. Instead, Maxines initial reaction to the oppressive silence is rather immature: she targets one girl in her class who never speaks at all (who is, consequently, the embodiment of this tradition of silence). She pinches her and screams, Why wont you talk?If you dont talk, you cant have a personalityyouve got to let people know you have a personality and a brain (ibid, 180). Maxine is clearly taking out her anger on this girl. She cant understand why the girl wont talk, just as Maxine cant understand the Chinese traditions, what is expected of her, and the silence that is seemingly forced upon her. Maxines second reaction is a healthier one: she decides to tell her mother all the things she had been afraid to say out loud. She thinks, maybe because I was the one with the tongue cut loose, I had grown inside me a list of over two hundred things that I had to tell my mother so that she would know the true things about me and to stop the pain in my throat (ibid, 197). This is a very proactive way of ending the silence that Maxine can no longer bear. Yet this effort is too bold, too incongruous with the culture, so she is rejected by her mother, who refuses to listen. She ignores the fact that her mother will not listen, and yells everything at her all at once all her fears, regrets, aspirations, and frustrations. Maxines final solution is the most effective she writes everything down in a book. Through writing, she can break the silence that has confused and stifled her for so long, and she can fill in the blanks with contextual (if often invented) re alities to explain everything that she has never been told. True, her disclosures might upset her family, but Maxine is breaking the silence of all those who were oppressed, using only a single tool: language. While language may hurt at times, it ultimately proves to be the only true end to the cycle of repression and manipulation that silence does its best to inflict. Through silence, the need for language only grows stronger and stronger. Therefore, language and expression are the necessary antidotes to silence, for a life of silence is confusing and repressive. It is only through language and expression that we can find our release, our freedom, and our individuality.

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Response paper - Essay Example The entire discussion would have ceased to exist and this would have meant serious problems for the debate that stems here. Since God is all-powerful, all-knowing and completely concerned with justice and the well-being of human beings, He knows for sure what men and women would ideally want within their lives and how the same should be given to them – either abundantly or in scarce capacity. The dictum that surrounds around this philosophy is one which points out the suffering and evil which has started to make waves for all the wrong reasons. Ideally this was something that should have been avoided yet the same does not happen because individuals hailing from any society of the world are bound to go wrong in their actions, behaviors and the thinking ideologies that exist within their aegis. If God created all the good things on this earth, He surely created the wrongdoings and evil as well. He knew it beforehand that man would have to choose on his own which route to adopt a nd which way forward is his success destined. This is in line with the understanding that God has been kind to everyone and gives His people a chance to showcase who they truly are and how they can represent their best selves to their maximum possible levels. My friend is acting as the devil’s advocate and is defending the notion that evil has been made present because it is an opposing force and acts parallel with God, which for me is simply an unacceptable entity. This is because I do not see any other being to be as powerful or even coming anywhere close to how God performs on a daily basis (Peterson, 1998). There could be high-tech robots in place, superficial structures and evil factories giving their best, but there cannot be another God in this world. It has to be felt in a much higher stead to make sure that evil is there of God’s own making and not

Special Event Master Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Special Event Master Plan - Assignment Example There are a lot of topics that pertain to events, and more emphasis is targeted at sports teams and their venues in the tourism industry (Getz, 2012, p.5). According to John Tribe, tourism is a field of study, rather than a discipline that draws on a number of different individual disciplines. The essay is an illustration of a special event involving a 3k walk for humans, and a swimming event right after the event. We will seek permission from the Street Events Closure Permit to hold the 3K walk run for humans at least 180 days before the event as required by the Ordinance Chapter 14-8. Also, we will require the Sound Amplification Permit or Outdoor Music Venue Permit since we aim at playing music at the central and starting point of the race. Lastly, we will also be required to seek for the Private Security licenses for the entity performing private security personnel expected to safeguard the event. Start from Columbus Park and run through the city streets. The major landmark cities to be followed will be decided upon effectively by the management team. The proposed route for the 3K walks will be differentiated according to the different groups of participants. The route will be decided upon after through consultation with the city council to determine the best paths for the 3K walks. Participants will be notified as early as possible on the routes decided upon through fliers, mails and even traditional mails delivered to their homes. Upon receipt, we will host a training and familiarization workshop to provide appropriate guidelines on the exact path to be followed. Participants will be required to familiarize with the route several days before the event. Access to the full path will be denied two days prior to the event to safeguard the course and ensure the participants are safe on the actual day of the event. All the necessary measures pertaining to safety of the course wil l be put in place as required. Specific rules and regulations to be followed

Buildings Analysis Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buildings Analysis Project - Essay Example .....................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Function†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................................................................................9 Bas-Relief†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............................................................................................†¦...9 Conclusion....................................................................................................................10 References†¦...............................................................................................................11 Angkor Wat, Cambodia Introduction Angkor Wat is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia which was built in the 12th century for king Suryawarman II as a temple dedicated to him and also as the symbol of the capital city. It is the only temple surviving among all other temples dedicated to Hindu deities in the region because it is the best preserved site. It was first dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu and then it was turned into a Buddhist temple. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture making it a national symbol for Cambodia; it is also the most important tourist spot of the country. Some of the features are similar to the famous Hindu architecture of the temples. Some of the other salient features are the extensive rectangular galleries each of which is raised above the next level. The three areas of architectural analysis are material and structure, bas relief and function of the building. Material and Structure The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. Three rectangular galleries rise to a central tower, each level higher than the last. One gallery is dedicated to one particular god. Each gallery has a gopura at each point and there are towers at the corners of the inner galleries which forms a quincunx with the central tower. The features are oriented with their back eastwards as the temple faces west. The west facing steps are shallower than the other side. The outer gallery measures 40250 sq m in area with pavilions towers at the corners. The structure is buttressed by columned half-galleries which are extended throughout and are open to the outside temple. The galleries and the towers, all are made according to the Khmer architecture with Khmer inscriptions throughout the gallery walls. There are four ponds for fulfilling the water requirement of the building which are currently dry and look like as if they were courtyards. The second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. Devatas abound on the walls are present both singly and in groups of up to four; it starts from the second level. If we trace the history it is revealed that the second level was originally flooded in the past due to the ocean around Mount M eru. The stairways are very deep but it does not represent the architecture, it is related to the religious aspect of the architecture of the building as the stairways are made steep to depict the difficulty for ascending to the gods. The walls feature statues and bas reliefs which will be discussed later. Various materials are used in the buildings, which include Brick, Sandstone and Laterite. These materials signify the Khmer architecture. The earliest Angkorian temples were made mainly of brick, decorations were usually carved into a stucco applied

THE ROLE OF THE NURSE PRACTITIONER Research Paper

THE ROLE OF THE NURSE PRACTITIONER - Research Paper Example The FNP works and functions in a similar manner like a physician even though she lacks the same knowledge and qualifications of a doctor. In family settings, the family nurse practitioner makes routine check-ups on the physical condition of the family as well as diagnoses any form of illness and other minor injuries (Aries & Middough, 2010). Roles of a Family Nurse Practitioner in Hospital Environment A major responsibility of a nurse practitioner is preparation and maintenance of medical documentation of a certain family. She is responsible of updating the charts of her findings on the condition of a patient after the completion of diagnostic tests. A family nurse practitioner adds the new information into the patients chart. All these forms of medical communication between the nurse practitioner and the patient and between the patient and the physician in addition to any other healthcare worker involved have to be stored by the nurse practitioner in the personal file of the patient . This medical information is added to the medical history of the patient such that it can be used in future by other physicians who may be attending the patient (Hamric, 2008). Since a nurse practitioner acts under the surveillance of the attending physician, she should possess perfect communication skills and sufficiently work as expected with other attending physicians who are treating a certain specific member of a family. During the process of treating a patient, the family nurse practitioner has to be involved in the process as a she acts as a part of the medical team. It is a requirement that she shares her medical knowledge of the patient with other medical professionals as well discussing the condition of the patient in an effort to gain some knowledge about the patient which may be important at a latter date (Coffman & Edward, 1998). It is the responsibility of the family medical practitioner to discuss the condition of the patient with the doctor or any other visiting phy sician so as to receive an input approval from the doctor or the physician. In addition with collaborating with the doctor, the family nurse practitioner has to work hand-in-hand with other nurses and therapists for the betterment of their patient as they will provide important advice which will be very useful during the process of caring and treating the patient. Provision of proper medication and elderly care is also a part of their duty. After people get aged, they develop many complications where in some worse cases they get mentally retarded thus it is also a duty of the family nurse practitioner to oversee that they get the right medication as well as care (Aries & Middough, 2010). This nurse further observes the complaints of the patient and conducts a diagnosis on the patient’s health and determines the course of medication to be observed in accordance with the medical history of the patient. The family nurse practitioner has the mandate to demand lab tests or X-rays of a patient by lab physicians with reference to the condition of the patient so as to make recommendations on the type of treatment the patient is supposed to receive. For instance, a middle aged female may approach a female nurse practitioner with complaints of fatigue and based on her examination of the condition of the patient, the nurse practitioner has the liberty to order for lab tests to be conducted on such a patient so as to diagnose the scope of the

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human resource management - Essay Example Job analysis refers to the process of identifying and determining  various job duties and requirements as well as the significant role that the duties have in any particular job (Brannick and Levine, 2002, p 48). One aspect of substantive importance about job analysis is that it is solely on jobs rather than the persons in the different positions in different jobs. The major role played by job analysis is to establish the relation in employment procedures in particular recruitment and selection process. By such analysis, one is able to make a description and specification for determining the best place individual to get the job and perform the associated tasks and responsibilities (Brannick and Levine, 2002, p 61). Job analysis, therefore, is the cornerstone of Human Resource Management in the sense that it provides employers with a critical understanding of the requirements of a particular job and make a selection the most appropriate individual to take such a job and contribute towards the enhancement of performance of an organization, aimed towards the realization of success. A competent employee in the right job is the greatest achievement of Human Resource Management towards the implementation of organizational strategies for the realization of success (Brannick and Levine, 2002, p

Business Law - Use of Contracts in E-commerce Assignment

Business Law - Use of Contracts in E-commerce - Assignment Example Business transaction costs can be reduced by low communication cost strategy. It can allow the organizations to focus on their core business activities (Lee, 1998, p.4). Moreover, organization can buy several external services through this cost reduction strategy. Frauds and opportunistic behaviour can take place in a strong long-term relationship between two different organizations. Supreme mutual trust can pose limited risk. Moreover, it will help the organizations to reduce their risk management costs. E-commerce involves synchronization between several organizations implementing effective communication technology. This synchronization can be attained in the form of a virtual enterprise or an electronic enterprise. Contracts play an important role in both these cases. In global electronic market, contracts are referred as the agreements on a particular business transaction. Contract can be considered as the collaboration agreement for a longer time period in a virtual enterprise. These cooperation agreements involve integrated business process. This integration can be attained in several ways but generally shared database and inter-organizational workflows are the major sources of this integrated business process. The study will discuss the use of several contracts in the e-commerce business. Content A contract can be defined as an agreement between several parties that is based on specific mutual commitments. One-sided commitment cannot be considered as a contract. Exchange of several goods and services between two or more than two parties can be termed as mutual commitment. In most general cases, one party provides services or goods and other party pays for those exchanged goods and services. Moreover, enforcement mechanism in places is highly essential in a contract. It ensures both identification and punishment of breaking a promise or commitment. As of now, every contract can be made through online in UK. Business transactions are generally divided into three successive phases, such as contract preparation, contract negotiation and contract fulfilment (Daskalopulu and Sergot, 1997, pp. 6-8). Contract preparation can be referred as the information phase. On the other hand, contract recognition can be referred as agreement phase. Contract fulfilment phase has limited negotiation activities. In this phase, several buyers select a specific product or service. It indicates that the buyers want to purchase that product or service. On the other hand, sellers deliver the product or services to the buyers after, before, or at the time of payment. This exchange process becomes more complicated in B2B process as the price of products or services may be not fixed. Moreover, the delivery process can become more difficult in several B2B processes as in International Trade. In these situations, the contracts are more elaborative in nature. These include several specifications in some fulfilment processes’ form (Chirku and Kauffman, 2000, pp.7-12). Moreover, these contracts help to indicate the disputes’ resolve process. Legal system is struggling due to rapid pace of e-commerce development. It is discussed earlier that mutual exchange of goods and services can be referred as contract. Written contract is the e-commerce legal tool. These contracts can

Professional Role Transition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional Role Transition - Assignment Example Data sources that contained information related to the topic were also used during the research process. The studies presented evidences such as quoting those who were interviewed during the study. This showed that students were given equal opportunity to answer the questions directed at them. The studies also took a while to be completed. A slow research ensures that the researcher gains all the information required. Things tend to change with time and by conducting a research study within a long time, the researcher gets to record every change that may take place and also predict how the study will be in future. What I know about the journal is that it intends to understand the challenges that students face when transitioning into BN from LPN. The journal identifies all the challenges and helps to explain methods that can be used to curb them. The journals target LPN students who may be interested in studying BN. The study will help them understand the challenges they are bound to face. The journals also target other scholars that focus on studying the topic. These journals will give them a point of reference for their study. Educators in the institutions that the students enroll for BN are also a target audience for the study because they will have the knowledge of how to help the students adapt to the transition. Because of the challenges faced when transitioning from LPN to BN, students opt to turn to their mentors at their places of work to guide them. These mentors are in a great position to help them put into practice what they have studied. The journals have also helped explain why the LPNs choose to expand their knowledge. One of the reasons given by the participants is that at the work place, they are considered less of nursing practitioners and their opinions are not valued. Some of them had to endure being called Little Pretend Nurses instead of their real titles. For the students who have

Night and Singapore Essay Example for Free

Night and Singapore Essay The usual fays are over for me. No school, no study just play. But the next day was a dream going to become true. WE WERE GOING TO SINGAPORE just the next day. I got up early morning. We packed the things and went to the airport. In the airport and saw may types of people. We boarded our flight and went for Singapore. After reaching the airport we went to hotel exhausted and hungry when we reached we ate and slept had booked our flight to Mumbai international airport. I liked Singapore because the people are nice and the food is very nice and everything is green and very clean and they keep the streets clean and it’s safe to walk down them not like in my home when I lived in Hollywood where the streets have a lot of people who get sick and make a mess from either their mouths or they make BM’s and just leave it on the streets for everyone to walk by. Singapore is much cleaner than Hollywood. Here are some things I learned about Singapore: * Singapore has the highest per capita rate of millionaires in the world (approx 10%) * Singapore was originally a small fishing post until about 200 years ago, when Stanford Raffles and the British East India realized it was a very good place for a port town * Singapore means â€Å"Lion town† because an old Sultan said that he once saw a Lion there but since Lions don’t live anywhere Tigers live, everyone agrees that he either dreamed it or was a-lion about it! (That was a pun.) * In Singapore, you can go to the zoo at night on a â€Å"Night Safari† and see all the nocturnal animals, and it makes a lot of sense because normally when I go to the zoo in America all the animals are exhausted because it is hot and they always tell you â€Å"most of these animals don’t have sweat glands that’s why they play in the mud† which seems mean to keep them out all the time in the hot sun so kids can poke sticks at them and bang on the glass, but in Singapore, it is nighttime so the animals are all eating and moving around and this one animal called a â€Å"Tapir† came right up to the tram and I think it was because he liked how I smelled. All in all I highly recommend a trip to Singapore because it is awesome!!

Political philosophy Essay Example for Free

Political philosophy Essay 1)How does an agent reason about Lock’s options in a single-play dilemma? In the state of nature, there are four preferences. The first preference is to attack and not be attacked. The second preference is to not attack and not be attacked. The third preference is to Attack and be attacked. The fourth preference is to not attack and be attacked. 2)Was Bramhall justified in calling Hobbes’ Leviathan a â€Å"rebel’s catechism†? Yes. According to Bramhall, if everyone where to decide when to obey the sovereign and when to disobey the sovereign, then we would let ourselves be ruled over at our own pleasure. If at anytime we felt it was inconvenient to be ruled over because we felt threatened, then there is no stability, and thus we have a rebel catechism, or a doctrine and reason for us to rebel due to Hobbes rebellion cause of being able to succeed when threatened. 3)Why would agents in a Lockean state of nature want to leave it for a civil society? 4)What does Locke’s law of nature require of rational beings? Locke’s law of nature requires that you a being must preserve yourself at all costs and at all times. 5)How des Locke differ from Hobbes on the question of whether there is property in the state of nature There is no property in the state of nature in Hobbes, it is just man vrs man. For Locke, you can have a property in the state of nature, which is from the labor of your hands. Locke has two conditions which is you must leave as much and as good for others and you must not take more of God’s creations than you need. 6)What is the â€Å"paradox of being governed† and does Locke’s theory suffer from it? The paradox of being governed is how can a group of people being unruly, promote a person to rule them, if that person was original from that group of unruly people. Another point is how the people can be ruled by a ruler if they themselves appoint a ruler. Are you truly being ruled if you can hire an fire a person who is ruling you. Locke does not suffer form this relationship. 7)How does the agent reason about his options in a coordination game? A coordination game is a scenario in which society wins rather people win individual. Driving on the right side of the road is an example. 8)What is Hampton’s notions of a governing convention and how does such a convention come about? The governing convention comes about when you solve the coordination game. It comes of War and Majority vote and maintains unless it is undermined by the majority rule. It comes about when people come together. 9)In Hampton’s theory, what is the difference between convention consent and endorsement consent? Convention consent is I support Obama, he doesn’t win, but I still approve of the government Endorsement consent is I support John McCain, he wins, and I continue to support him. 10) What is Hampton’s Stratification solution to the paradox of being governed?

The Aspects Of Deep Sea Life

The Aspects Of Deep Sea Life The discoverer of the titanic, Dr Robert Ballard famously referred to the deep sea as far more alien than going to mars or the moon. The deep sea is one of the largest virtually unexplored ecosystems on the planet; it is found at a depth of 1000 fathoms [1] and is subject to adverse changes in temperature, pressure and light penetration amongst other factors. Therefore as expected fish decrease in abundance, and species diversity. This trend is prominent as in order to survive the harsh conditions of the deep sea, fish need a number of specific adaptations. Allowing them to ultimately survive, feed, and reproduce. The deep sea is one of the most hostile environments in the world, which a living organism is subjected to. As you progress from the surface (the epipelagic zone) through to the abyssopelagic zone near the basin of the ocean; the environmental characteristics begin to alter dramatically. Light, pressure, oxygen, temperature and food are abiotic factors that have all led to the fascinating adaptations of deep sea life. Pressure alone increases by 1 atmosphere for each 10m in depth which is an astonishing rate. The deep sea temperature remains between 2-4Â °c, which is just another factor inhabitants must overcome in order to survive, along with a reduced quantity and accessibility of essential factors like ;oxygen, food and light[3]. Figure 1From the surface to its deepest depth the ocean is 11km deep, and with this distance comes a vast change in physiological feature of fish as they try to survive the changing conditions. The bottom of the deep sea exists in darkness as little light penetrates through the surface. Therefore most inhabitants have to rely on their senses to survive. The fish require light to survive; they use it to locate food, during the mating season and to identify prey or predators. It is a vital resource but as light is absent in the deep sea, Many fish have developed special adaptations in order to survive. The viper fish (shown in figure 1) possesses large eyes to catch the little light present. This helps them to locate prey as well as avoid predators. [4] Light cannot penetrate any deeper than the epipelagic layer, therefore the only light present is that produced from the inhabitants themselves. A percentage of deep sea fish are able to create light through the chemical reaction; bioluminescence. Most of the light created by marine organisms is blue-green in colour. As blue light travels best in water and most marine organisms are sensitive to blue light.'[6] Anglerfish produc es the chemical luciferin which reacts with oxygen to create light. The light helps species communicate, attract a mate or prey, or deter predators. As the bioluminescent lure is believe to mimic the movements of zooplankton. [6] Being the lower layer of the ocean, it is no wonder the pressure is immense for the fish of the deep. The pressure exist between 200-600 atm , and in order to survive this immense pressure deep sea creature have special adapted bodies which have no excess cavities, e.g. Swim bladders that would collapse under intense pressure, instead they have neutral buoyancy where there bladders are filled with lipids. The deep sea dragon fish lives at a depth of 5000 meter, to survive the dragon fish has soft ,flabby, flesh and bones this aid its ability to survive under the extreme pressure. The deep waters are extremely cold reaching a maximum temperature of 3 degrees, deep sea temperature is relatively stable with the exception of hydrothermal vent where hot water is emitted, but there is little fluctuation in water temperature. The cold water slows the metabolism of the fish, so many of the deep sea animals move very slow and have special enzymes that deal with the unique environment. The sea cucumbers carry high levels of unsaturated fat in their cell walls to maintain membrane fluidity in this cold, high-pressure environment. The cold water is the poorest environment for oxygen content. As oxygen concentration decrease as the temperature does. Fish have evolved by being more effective at removing oxygen from the water by posing a large gill surface area. However in the deep sea oxygen is not replenished as due to the lack of light penetrating, photosynthesis does not occur. In addition the nutrient salt concentration of the deep sea is much higher than found above a s the sea floor act of a graveyard for dead biological material. Therefore fish of the deep sea have a low metabolic rate to conserve energy reducing their need for oxygen. Also fish posses hemocyanin respiratory protein; this protein has a very high affinity for O2 and large Bohr effects. [6] They also have a short diffuse distance from water to blood allowing the oxygen to be used immediately, satisfying over half of their oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange through the skin, so more oxygen can be collected through the day. Due to the lack of photosynthesis, plant life exists at its lowest percentage in the deep sea. Zooplanktons and phytoplankton rarely find themselves in the deepest depth of the ocean. So many of the deep sea fish are predators but this means food is minimal in the waters. There are a number of fascinating feeding mechanisms that deep sea fish have employed. Firstly the formation and use of the bioluminescence for hunting, fish use their ability to produce light to mimic patterns that attract prey, the angler fish uses light producing bacteria that help create a special fishing rod like fin that hangs over the head. This light helps attract the prey. The viperfish use light in its mouth to lure the prey into its awaiting stomach. [7] Some deep sea fish do migrate upwards during the night when less predatory are present to feed but as food is in such low concentration , energy conservation is a high priority to deep sea fish and therefore most of the fish hunt by the lie and wait metho d. As deep sea fish poses a well developed lateral lines, this is a sense organ that can detect movement and vibrations in the water. This allows the deep sea fish to detect prey passing them so they can dart out to capture them. [8] With the shortage of food available in the deep sea, the inhabitants must be prepared to eat whatever they find and thus must be equipped for this; they have large mouth and huge jaws. piscivorous is a sit and wait predator, its morphological characteristics are large body size, large gape, long sharp depressible teeth and large eyes. Some have non functioning gill racks so that smaller fish can pass through to its mouth easily ,nearly all deep sea fish have protruding, flexible, huge mouth and extended alimentary canal in order to store more food and prolong the digestive time. Other deep sea fish like lamprey feed on the dead carcasses that fall from above, they are adapted to this mode of feeding as they contain barbells around there mouth which help s them feel for food in the mud. But it is the black dragon fish that is most evolved for predation as it has the ability to produce red light below its eye so can see other fauna where most fish have an inability to see red light. In order to live with the lack of food deep sea inhabitants posses a large lipid rich liver that do not function for buoyancy but as an important energy source. This allows them to use this in times of extreme shortage. The most reliable food source for the deep sea environment is the constant rain of organic debris from the organism above. larvaceans have adapted to produce a mucus that can catch this marine snow so it has a steady food supply. With the shortage of food and the increase of carnivores in the deep sea, one of the most important aspects is protection against predators. Deep sea fish have developed many ways to survive the jaws of another inhabitant. Firstly coloration plays a massive role, as fish can produce a variety of colours and some fish like the flat fish can change it coloration to match it surroundings at the time. fish have distinct marking on their body to disguise themselves, the jacknife high hat have dark lines that run through its eyes to hide them, so you cannot tell where the fish or looking or if it is in fact a fish. Butterfly fish trick there predators with the presence of spots on their bodies that resembles eyes. Other fish exhibit collation known as counter shading, this means they are dark on top against the dark background and light on the bottom, so if a fish look up its disguised by the little light showing. Some fish have mirror like scales that reflect the light so the fish will mi rror the background. Most fish that inhabit the deep sea are usually red or transparent as this means they will not be detected by predators. Other forms of protect is the ability to produce venom, sting rays have poison glands that can help catch prey and ecsacpe predators. Others use electric organs that can be used as a defence mechanism or simply to feed . deep sea shrimp has an antennae that sense chemical in the water to help avoid predators whereas giant squid have two eyes , a larger one that looks to the surface catching light , this light in then passed onto the smaller one which can now look down with the possession of light to see any prey or predatory below. Successful reproduction in lightless habitats in based mainly on chemical communication, as the fish must provide effective fertilisation in the absence of any visual orientation [9]. In the deep sea many of the fish are simultaneous hermaphrodites; they can spawn with any individual encounter [10]. Overall reproduction is very similar in the deep ocean to that of the fish at the surface, although fish in the deep sea are known to produce large quantities of sperm and eggs to increase their chances of successful reproduction. The darkness of the habitat makes locating a mate is difficult as they are few and far between, so deep sea fish have evolved to be able to detect the smell of other fish in water, Latern fish have developed small body organs on their sides called photophores, these pigments can produce light that are arranged in specific pattern, these can be seen at long distances and are recognised by potential mates. Viper fish have a unique method of fertilization. Once there eggs are fertilized they float to the surface and become part of plankton, but as larva develop into juveniles they tend descend to the bottom, which mean food is not scarce during their essential development stage. This method increases the survival of viper fish by over 50 %. The angler fish is yet another fish who has a unique method of reproduction , the angler fish method ensure successful reproduction as the male anglerfish has a over developed olfactory organ which allows them to locate the female , the male is small and is therefore more active than the female . Once the female is located the male bites down and becomes a permanent attachment and begins to receive his nourishment from the female while he provides the sperm. The female can have more than one male attach which mean productivity is high and survival is more likely. All fish characteristics their body to suit their environment, deep sea fish are no different those near coral reef are vertically compressed like angel fish; it allows them to move about in the crevices of the reef. As their highest priority is manoeuvrability [11] Sting rays that inhabit the benthic zone of the sea have a depressed shape. They have extended pectoral fins giving them a heart shaped disc. Fish that live on the floor of the ocean rely on their shape and camouflage to catch prey and to survive against predators. The benthic fish bury themselves in the floor of the ocean to hide from their predator; their anterior down turned mouth is useful for bottom feeders. There pectoral fins have sensory receptors and taste buds to locate food. The most amazing adaption of bottom dwelling fish is there negative buoyancy which allows them to lay on the bottom of the ocean with ease. This is just another adaption deep sea inhabitant have secured in order to live. Deep sea fish are often described as bizarre looking as they have adapted their bodies to suit their habitat. These adaptions include large eyes, adjusted body shape, self-luminous cells and sensory organs. The deep sea is virtually unexplored compare to any other environment, meaning knowledge is minimal the only reason for the lack of understanding is our inability to research in the extreme conditions, the fish of this fierce habitat are extremely adapted, removal of the inhabitant alive is rare. proving that deep sea fish have evolved massively. They no longer resemble inhabitant from the layers above. You can go as far as to say they are almost a species of their own. But ultimately adaptations are highly important in surviving any environment but in the deep sea the fish have had to evolve immensely just to survive. [1] http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea [2] http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/ocean-layers.html [3] http://marinebio.org/Oceans/Deep [4] http://www.suite101.com/content/adaptations-of-deep-sea-fish-a230044 [] [6] http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bathypelagic_zone?topic=49523 [7] http://www.allthesea.com/Deep-Sea-Fish.html [8] http://www.suite101.com/content/adaptations-of-deep-sea-fish-a230044#ixzz17YRH7Amz [9] Deep sea and extreme shallow water habitats: affinities and adaptions by Franz Uiblein, Jorg Ott and Michael Stacowitsh 1996 [10] http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm [11] Adapted from http://www.mbari.org/earth/mar_tech/EITS/ob_deep/od_back.html

Why Planning Is Necessary. :: essays research papers

Adding a Town Planner to Your Staff Planning in any town is an important part of the growth, development and sustainability of the citizens and businesses in that town. I believe that your town council could greatly benefit from adding a planner to your staff. Planning suggests a systematic attempt to shape the future. It attempts to link scientific and technical knowledge to actions in the public domain, and processes of societal guidance and of social transformation. Planning entails making decisions and informing actions in ways that are socially rational. Planning serves a public or general purpose, such as ensuring the stability and growth of the economy; undertaking selected public investments and, in the absence of private sector interest, inducing desired actions on part of the private sector through various forms of subsidy; restraining private sector actions to safeguard the well-being of the population at large; redistributing income on grounds of equity; protecting individuals and businesses against the uncertainties of the market; and so forth. The planning process must continuously pursue and faithfully serve the public interest. Why is planning necessary? 1. To guide the overall economic stability and growth in a community - achieve a sensible and attractive land-use pattern - preserving or improving that which all ready exists - encourage economic development 2. To provide public services to meet the general needs of the community - location of public facilities - make sure that all are served with adequate toads, water, and sewer facilities - protect the general public health; minimizing threats to human health and life 3. To protect the environment - guide and manage development to minimize environmental damage - acquiring or developing land for parks or open space; achieving aesthetic and recreational goals - preserving resources for future use - saving nonrenewable energy sources The Origins of Planning Before the American Revolution municipalities appointed strong powers to control land use, thus shaping their own forms of â€Å"planning.† These powers came out of a European tradition that treated the town or village as an independent corporation, which might own, control, or dispose of most of the land within its boundaries. Many U.S. communities started as grants to individuals or groups, which then, by virtue of the grant, had the power to dispose of land within their borders. Thus colonial towns had formidable powers to shape their pattern of development. Quite obviously, the Revolution ended the practice of creating municipalities through the mechanism of royal grants to individuals. More important, it placed the bulk of political power in the hands of the states.

George Herbert s Poem, The Windows Essay -- George Herbert The Window

George Herbert 's Poem, "The Windows" Word Count Includes Poem A key theme found throughout the Bible is that of God being glorified through the actions of people who are full of imperfections. One such example is King David, the greatest of the Israelite kings. He sinned against God in sleeping with Bathsheeba and then having her husband killed on the battlefield. (II Samuel 11) Yet he is still commonly seen as a champion of the Jewish faith. George Herbert took this theme of God glorifying Himself through human frailty and incorporated it into his poem, "The Windows." As a metaphysical poet, Herbert puts most of the meaning of the poem into a deeper level. Herbert does this by choosing words that contain several different meanings, all of which serve to further exemplify the theme, in such areas as human imperfection, God’s love and finally, the effect upon people of God showing Himself to them through the lives of others. Herbert begins by asking God the question of how it is possible that man can "preach thy eternal word." He is not asking how it is possible for the words to form, or for the thoughts to be put together. The reason that he asks is because of his awareness of his own human imperfections. He calls man "a brittle, crazy glass." On the surface level, he is saying that a perfect man, such as Adam, would be like a smooth pane of glass, but each sin man commits, is like putting another crack into it. Herbert chose these words specifically though, in order to re-emphasize the point of man’s complete inadequacy for the job of preaching God’s Word. This is most prominent in "brittle," which, according to the OED, not only means frail and weak, but is also "that which breaks faith; inconsistent, fickle." This is placed ... ...e twice as long. Instead, Herbert models his diction after that found in the Bible so that there are multiple layers of meaning and understanding. Only when one takes the time to fully research and delve into it will they truly be able to appreciate what is written. The Windows By: George Herbert Lord, how can man preach thy eternal word? He is a brittle, crazy glass, Yet in thy temple thou do him afford This glorious and transcendent place, To be a window, through thy grace. But when thou dost anneal in glass thy story, Making thy life to shine within The holy preachers, then the light and glory More reverent grows, and does win Which else shows watr’ish, bleak, and thin Doctrine and life, colors and light, in one When they combine and mingle, bring A strong regard and awe; but speech alone Doth vanish like a flaring thing, And in the ear, not conscience ring. George Herbert 's Poem, The Windows Essay -- George Herbert The Window George Herbert 's Poem, "The Windows" Word Count Includes Poem A key theme found throughout the Bible is that of God being glorified through the actions of people who are full of imperfections. One such example is King David, the greatest of the Israelite kings. He sinned against God in sleeping with Bathsheeba and then having her husband killed on the battlefield. (II Samuel 11) Yet he is still commonly seen as a champion of the Jewish faith. George Herbert took this theme of God glorifying Himself through human frailty and incorporated it into his poem, "The Windows." As a metaphysical poet, Herbert puts most of the meaning of the poem into a deeper level. Herbert does this by choosing words that contain several different meanings, all of which serve to further exemplify the theme, in such areas as human imperfection, God’s love and finally, the effect upon people of God showing Himself to them through the lives of others. Herbert begins by asking God the question of how it is possible that man can "preach thy eternal word." He is not asking how it is possible for the words to form, or for the thoughts to be put together. The reason that he asks is because of his awareness of his own human imperfections. He calls man "a brittle, crazy glass." On the surface level, he is saying that a perfect man, such as Adam, would be like a smooth pane of glass, but each sin man commits, is like putting another crack into it. Herbert chose these words specifically though, in order to re-emphasize the point of man’s complete inadequacy for the job of preaching God’s Word. This is most prominent in "brittle," which, according to the OED, not only means frail and weak, but is also "that which breaks faith; inconsistent, fickle." This is placed ... ...e twice as long. Instead, Herbert models his diction after that found in the Bible so that there are multiple layers of meaning and understanding. Only when one takes the time to fully research and delve into it will they truly be able to appreciate what is written. The Windows By: George Herbert Lord, how can man preach thy eternal word? He is a brittle, crazy glass, Yet in thy temple thou do him afford This glorious and transcendent place, To be a window, through thy grace. But when thou dost anneal in glass thy story, Making thy life to shine within The holy preachers, then the light and glory More reverent grows, and does win Which else shows watr’ish, bleak, and thin Doctrine and life, colors and light, in one When they combine and mingle, bring A strong regard and awe; but speech alone Doth vanish like a flaring thing, And in the ear, not conscience ring.

Analysis of Pearl Harbor the Movie Essay -- Jerry Bruckheimer Film

Pearl Harbor The movie Pearl Harbor directed and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer was released in 2001. This highly praised movie allows the audience to carefully watch a movie that is based on a day that started the United States' involvement in World War II. The movie begins with a two boys, Danny Walker and Rafe McCawley, who have grown up hoping to become involved in the United States military and slowly changes to the life, excitement, and hardships of being involved in the war. Rafe is one of the best fighter pilots in the regiment and falls in love with a beautiful nurse, Lt. Evelyn Johnson. As the United States tries to help the British, Rafe volunteers to go to London. After several months he supposedly dies when shot down by a German aircraft. This devastating news is told to Lt. Evelyn Johnson by Danny Walker who is still trying to deal with the situation. A few months went by and Lt. Evelyn Johnson and Danny Walker fall in love. Being alone during a time of war was not an idea l situation, one that all military men and women hated. They found themselves to be compatible and in love. They enjoyed their relationship together until news is delivered to Danny that Rafe is still alive. During all this time United States avoids involvement would in the war because they felt that their involvement would not have an impact. The relationship with Danny and Evelyn progresses and so did the war. It is on December 7, 1941 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. In the movie Pearl Harbor, Bruckheimer attempts to describe what happened on Sunday December 7, 1941 as accurately as possible. However, no matter how hard Bruckheimer tries to present this event historically it will be unclear because it is used primarily ... ...roximity, and pre-judgments. Why did he/she create the movie or book? Where did he/she find his/her resources? How did he/she gain his/her knowledge? However once a person learns how to analyze this they will be able to become more objective when thinking about history. Bibliography Arthur, Max. Forgotten Voices of World War II. Great Britain: Ebury Press, 2004. Bard, Mitchell. The Complete Idiots Guide to: World War II. New York: Alpha Books, 2004 Burlingame, Burl. Advance Force, Pearl Harbor. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1992. Mullener, Elizabeth. WAR STORIES, remembering World War II. New York: Berkley, 2002. Nash, Gary, and others. American Odyssey. Multimedia edition. New York: 1997 Pearl Harbor. Director Jerry Bruckheimer. Touchstone Studios, 2001. Willmott, H.P. Pearl Harbor. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2001.

How well does BA protect its employees? Essay

Employees from BA’s prospective are an investment and for BA to get a return on this investment they have to protect it. In this section I am going to evaluate how well BA protects its employees I will use evidence from BA sources to back up each of my points. How does BA protect its employees? Bas takes the safety of its employees very well I know this because in the BA report they say â€Å"The safety and security of our customers and employees in the air and on the ground is a paramount to British Airways and at the heart of our business.† This statement suggests that the safety of BA’s customers is the most important part of their business. it also says that the protection of customers and employees is what the business runs around. BA protects its employees in a number of different ways, for example if an employee is working in an office in front of a computer BA will then make sure that the employee gets regular brakes so that the employees eyes do not get damaged too badly. This is one way that BA protects its employees. BA also protects its employees by reducing the risk of them injuring themselves. They do this by putting up hazard signs that show the employees to be careful. An example of this is wet floor signs these signs show employees that the floor is wet and slippery which instructs them to be more careful. Another way that BA protects its employees is by introducing stress management policies. This is because stress is a major factor that may affect an employee’s health. BA has tried to reduce the amount of stress within the business by introducing a â€Å"stress management policy†. Examples of the policies that BA uses to reduce stress is management training, employee involvement programmes etc†¦ It is one of BA’s top priorities to protect their employees if they don’t then this will mean that the employees will start to get de-motivated and not come to work this will therefore create a decrease in the production of work from the employees as they will not be in most of the times. BA protects its employees very well this can be seen in the graph below which shows the amount of days taken off by employees. In this graph you can see that BA has got quite a low amount of people taking days off related to illnesses at work. This therefore shows us that the employees are happy working at BA. BA also says: â€Å"We have a target of reducing the number of days taken of due to work related injuries by 30 % by 2010† The statement above suggests that BA are working on reducing the amount of work related injuries this shows us that BA are very concerned about the safety of their employees. BA spends 120million pounds on the security of their employees this shows us that they are very concerned about the safety of their employees. We can see that this is paying off as less people are taking days off this is shown in the graph above. The table above shows that BA has reduced the amount of injuries within the business therefore showing that BA’s 120 million pounds security investment has been put to good use. It also shows that BA wants to keep on decreasing the amount of injuries that have happened to employees. In the table above you can also see that the working day’s lost per 100,000 people is 4300 days this is a very low amount therefore showing that BA has protected there employees very well as they are coming into work very regularly. An example of a BA employee getting injured is when a cabin crew employee fell from the doorway of a 737 plane. The employee suffered 3 fractured vertebrae. When BA heard of this they then acted on it and tried to reduce the chances of this occurring again. The table above shows that the amount of injuries to employees inside BA has been reducing constantly for the last three years, but there is stillroom for improvement in the serious injury section where the results show it has risen by an extraordinary amount. How do the trade unions implement national and local working conditions? The trade unions within BA have a very big influence on the decisions made by BA, if BA make a decision that the trade unions do not like then they will cause a strike to occur and give BA a bad reputation. An example of where this occurred was the strike that occurred at Gate Gourmet this was because the trade unions felt that the working conditions where too bad. When this strike occurred it meant that BA had to cancel flights this meant a loss in profit and bad publicity, which caused a downfall for the business. BA would not want to get into situations like this. The trade unions can implement the working conditions by arranging strikes like this. These strikes cause the business to think about keeping the working conditions up and to think about the employees before they take any actions. The trade unions do not have to strike to implement anything, this is because the trade unions can negotiate with the managers of the department and discuss what the working conditions are like. by doing this the trade unions can work with the business to get better working conditions for the employees, this way the managers and the employees are happy without resolving to conflict. Overall the trade unions are a big factor that influences the decisions that the business makes. The main way that they implement the working conditions is by working with the business to tell them the conditions that they want. They may also complain if the conditions that are promised by BA are not met.

Gilgamesh: Hero or not?

A combatant is some one and entirely(a) of opulent courage or ability, admired for his or her bra very(prenominal). Giglamesh is the fagot of Uruk who may or may not engender existed. Many heap question if Giglamesh was a champ or not what do you theorize? Stories told that the king slept with all the women and took forth children from their families. Does that sound give c ar a maven to you? Enkidu who comes to life in the wilderness, he is covered with shaggy, wild alike the wilderness, hair. He eats and drinks with the animals.Enkidu is spotted by trapper realeasing animals in Mesopotamia the trapper is dumbfounded by Enkidus presents and goes to Uruk to find Giglamesh. The harlot seduces Enkidu and the animals reject him and he is lured into civilization. Enkidu hears how Giglamesh is a terrible ruler and he wants to challenge him Giglamesh throws Enkidu who loses his anger and recognizes Giglamesh as a true king and they embraced and became best friends. Giglamesh i s not a hero figure throng cannot sleep with all(prenominal) woman in the town and trust that the can be considered a hero.Nowadays if Giglamesh was to sleep with every woman in the town objet dart you had a wife that would be frowned upon in the civilization. Taking great deals children is heretofore worse How would you feel if someone good deliberately came and took your child from your house without your apply? In my eyes that is far from hero material. Giglamesh is a horrific king, exhausting his people with wall grammatical construction and womanizing. The gods eventually fall action and make Enkidu create a balance. Also Giglamesh forces all inhabitants to work for him construct walls and temples.Enkidu and Giglamesh upset the creation order by destroying sacred monsters of nature Giglamesh killed humbaba and Enkidu killed the Bull of Heaven. Therefore, one of them must die Enkidu takes full debt instrument of dying for both of them. The king is finally left with out a friend and only responsible for living well and building walls. The story of Giglamesh survived thousands of years because it was written on clay with a set of symbols we bellow cuneiform. Clay is the cheapest, and most durable piece of writing material.Also another reason of ancient Mesopotamian texts is very difficult to learn. The story of Giglamesh was written on twelve tablets the story told us nearly Giglameshs life and his strive for immortality are told on eleven of the twelve tablets. The duodecimal tablet is about the Nether world in which Giglamesh rules after his death. I think his society viewed him as a hero because they lived in fear. Fear of macrocosm his hard worker for the rest of their lives. Fear of having their children taken away from them.Our society definitely has heros such as Giglamesh but we bellow them rapist and kidnappers. Uruk citizens lived in fear of being overruled by their ruler if they didnt halt to the king. After tons of research I have found that Giglamesh may have been a warrior but a hero that is a fictional statement. I think Giglamesh was a cruel and horrific man. In my research Giglamesh was a very jealous person and unfit for a king. In conclusion Giglamesh was considered a hero to Uruks citizens but that was only because they feared him. Giglamesh is not a hero

Econometric Methods Essay

Part A. quadruple choice interrogative sentencesAnswer each(prenominal) question by circling match slight and only one answer. Each question is worth 3 marks (total 30 marks).1. When estimating a linear opportunity work utilise OLSa. The estimators be molded beca character breaks atomic number 18 necessarily heteroskedasticb. The slope coefficient estimates tail assemblynot billhook changes in the presageed prospect of Y=1c. The estimators underside be asymptotically normally distributed d. All of the to a high place2. When internal validity is forayda. OLS coefficients no long-dated measure the partial correlational statistics between the informative variable star and the capable variableb. The population break depots cannot be normally distributed c. The dependent variable necessarily becomes skewedd. None of the preceding(prenominal)3. Which of the sideline dependent variables is least like a limit dependent variable? a. Wagesb. Net assets of a househ s r. (total assets minus debts)c. Number of take cargons to the dentist in a yeard. An index of cheer where happiness is rated 1 to 104. A variable Y is a Bernoulli variablea. Its distribution has the usual 2 independent parameters representing the mean and the varianceb. Its judge tax jibes the dimension of the fortune of Y=0 to the hazard of Y=1c. Its variance equals the product of the prob skill of Y=0 and the prospect of Y=1d. All of the above5. In the probit amaze catch outn in classa. The variance of the error precondition depends on the vector of instructive variables b. The variance of the error term is assumed to be 1c. The variance of the error term does not need to be stipulate because of the normality assumptiond. The variance of the error term can be estimated from the variance of the estimated residual6. In panel data, the problem of attrition refers toa. The presence of great measurement error in key variablesb. The correlation of measurement errors with e xplanatory variablesc. The misclassification of key dummy explanatory variables collectable to measurement error d. None of the above7. In the probit modela. The partial effect of a single continuous explanatory variable X on the predicted chance has the uniform sign as the estimated coefficient on Xb. The test statistic constructed by the ratio of the estimated coefficient to its meter error is normally distributed because we ar employ the normal distribution to model the expected measure out of the dependent variablec. The partial individualal effects of an explanatory variable are quantitatively close to energy when the standard error of the coefficient on this variable is real large.d. All of the above8. You fuck off data on a experiment of 95 managers working in large firms in Australia. You estimate a logit model of Y= 1 if earning $500,000 per annum using as explanatory variables F=1 if the manager is female (0 otherwisewise) PHD=1 if the manager has a PHD (0 oth erwise) an interaction variable FPHD=F*PHD TEN= kick upstairs with the firm measured in years (a continuous variable). You find the fall outing estimatesIndexi = 0.053 0.095 Fi + 0.020 PHDi + 0.007 FPHDi + 0.0015 TENi (0.002) (0.011) (0.009) (0.003) (0.0005)where the standard errors are denoted in parenthesis. You want to test H0 land tenure has no effect on the probability of earning $500,000 per annum versus H1 tenure has a positive effect on the probability of earning $500,000 per annum. You pass on use a 5% take aim of significance to conduct this test. You get an asymptotic t-stat equal to 3.0. Using the tables provided at the end of the exam, choose one of the following as an appropriate life-sustaining esteem to conduct this testa. 1.662b. 1.645c. 1.987d. 1.960e. 5.02399. Refer to the model and estimates in the anterior question. Ceteris paribus, according to these estimates (and ignoring statistical significance)a. Women without PHDs buzz off a higher probability of earning $500,000 than men without PHDs.b. Men with PHDs have a lower probability of earning $500,000 than men without PHDs. c. Women with PHDs have higher probability of earning $500,000 than women without PHDs. d. Women with PHDs have higher probability of earning $500,000 than men with PHDs.10. Refer to the model and estimates in the previous question. You want to test that ceteris paribus, men and women have the very(prenominal) probability of earning $500,000. Under the null, the Wald test statistic is asymptotically chi-squared distributed with a. 1 degree of emancipationb. 90 degrees of libertyc. 93 degrees of freedomd. 2 degrees of freedome. 3 degrees of freedomPART A. Multiple Choice1. C2. D3. B4. C5. B6. D7. A8. B9. C10. DSOLUTIONSPart B. business (Total 30 marks)Equity of admittance is a primary goal of many health systems. Determining whether Australias system (Medicare) meets this goal is an important research question. check the case of main course to general p ractitioners (GPs). The probit results presented below in Table 4 are part of an outline aimed at answering whether there is equitable access to GP services where access is defined on the basis of health needs rather than ability to pay. The data consists of a savor of 3207 single females who were surveyed end-to-end Australia in 1995. The dependent variable for the study was VISIT, an indication variable that was equal to one if the women had chitchated a GP in the last deuce weeks and postcode otherwise. The sample has been divided into cardinal subsets depending on whether the women are less(prenominal) than 40 years mature (the unripened sub-sample) or whether they are greater than 40 years gray-headed (the one- clip(a) subsample). Table 4 presents estimation results (variable definitions follow the table).YoungOldTable 4 Probitestimates for call downto GP* VariableIntercept-0.7910 (0.1602)-1.1570 (0.2495)AGE-0.0060 (0.0064)0.0055 (0.0033) health0.3930 (0.0687)0.6131 (0.0746)KIDS0.1651 (0.0881)-0.1479 (0.1159)INCOME0.0003 (0.0032)-0.0052 (0.0037)TERTDUM0.0120 (0.1042)0.0844 (0.1509)TRADEDUM0.1842 (0.0884)0.2399 (0.1013)DIPDUM0.0077 (0.1281)0.0478 (0.1422)PHI0.0258 (0.0783)0.1781 (0.0768)Observations17171490Log-likelihood-935.52-892.24PART B.i. (8 marks) establish the effects of PHI on the probability of confabing a GP and equalize these effects for the two subsamples of offspring and old women. Repeat the representative for the KIDS variable. Do you think that these variables are apt(predicate) to violate the zero conditional mean assumption? DiscussPHIIn both subsamples, the estimated coefficient on PHI is positive ceteris paribus the probability of visiting a GP is higher for those with PHI than without. The sizing of coefficients whitethorn be discussed using the rule of leaf but these must not be crushed with partial effects. The effect is statistically significant among the old while the opposite is true for the novel. In the ups tart subsample, the coefficient is insignificant at any conventional train (t statistic for testing irrelevance of PHI against the 2-sided alternative is 0.3295 1.645) whereas in the old subsample it is significantly different from zero at the 5% significance level (t statistic = 2.319 1.96).The sign is as expected since PHI makes it cheaper to use GP services and women who expect to visit GPs to a greater extent often are more credibly to purchase PHI. The latter implies that ZCM whitethorn be violated due to a survival effect.KIDSIn the young subsample, the coefficient on KIDS is positive and statistically different from zero at the 10% level (t statistic = 1.874 1.645) the probability of GP visit is higher for those with dependent chelaren.In the old subsample, the sign of the coefficient indicates that the effect is negative but the coefficient is statistically insignificant from zero at conventional levels (t stat = 1.276 1.645). A priori, the expected sign is ambiguous women may visit GPs for childrens medical care as headspring as their own (positive) but at the same time they may become busier due to child rearing (negative). For the old sample, KIDS may be previous(a) and hence mothers no longer visit GPs for the childrens health. Other reasonable explanations are acceptable. You can grapple both ways on the ZCM assumption for example, you can argue that fertility decisions are exogenous to GP visits. You could also argue that there is an omitted variable stroke (KIDS is picking up some unascertained serving e.g. better health measurement than what is being captured by the existing explanatory variables). Also if the true implicit in(p) relationship depends on the number of resident dependent children, KIDS is top-coded at 1, causing the ZCM assumption to fail due to a measurement error correlated with this variable. supererogatory satisfyingYou could also earn marks (lost elsewhere in the question) by discussing the coat of the eff ects. For example, the effect among the young seems non-trivial in the sense that the coefficients magnitude is approximately over 40% of that of the coefficient on the poor health indicator (HEALTH) while for the old, the variable seems far less economically relevant relative to HEALTH. ii. (5 marks) If there is candour of access so variables related to income, education and unavowed health insurance should not move visits to GPs. When the models are re-estimated without these variables (i.e. with only AGE, HEALTH and KIDS included) the log-likelihood values are 937.92 for the young sub-sample and 898.63 for the old. Using these results evaluate the null hypothesis of impartiality of access.Statement of the hypothesesCalculated statisticsLR test statisticsLLRYOUNG = 2(-935.52+937.92) = 4.8LLROLD = 2(-892.24+898.63) = 12.78.Distributions of the test statistics and particular valuesThey are asymptotically chi-squared distributed with 5 degrees of freedom under the null.The ap propriate 10% and 5% critical values are 9.2364 and 11.0705 respectively. Decision rules and conclusionsSince LLRYOUNG 9.2364, we fail to lower the null at 10% level in the young subsample there is not enough state to leave off that income, education and PHI variables affect young womens GP visits.Since LLROLD 11.0705, we reject the null at the 5% significance level in the old subsample and conclude that there is some evidence against equity of access among the old women. iii. (4 marks) Consider two types of women type 1 where AGE = 20, HEALTH = 1, INCOME = 20 and all other variables = 0 type 2 is identical moreover that AGE = 60. Write down the equation(s) you would use to compare the probability of visiting a GP for these two types of women. Using the probit results can you determine which of these two types of women are more likely to have visited a GP in the last two weeks? If your answer is yes then make the comparison, if your answer is no then explicate what informatio n you would need to make the comparison.One workable answer is to use the index and argue that the rank by the probabilities will be the same as that provided by the indexIndex for type 1 = -.791 + -.006*20 +.3930 + 0.0003*20 = -.5120 -.51 Index for type 2 = -1.1570 + .0055*60 +.6131 0.0052*20 = -.3179 -0.32 Since the standard normal CDF increases in the probit index, type 2 woman is more likely to visit GPs than type 1 woman.Another attainable answer is to write down the normal CDF for the two types and argue that the equation for type 2 will be greater than type1.Additional materialYou could also earn marks (lost elsewhere in the question) by calculating the dispute in the probabilities using the table on p.10 of the exam paper i.e. the difference in the predicted probabilities can be evaluated as (.5-.1255)-(0.5-.1950) = 0.0695 .07 higher for type 2. iv. (6 marks) In determining the sample to be used for estimation, any individual who did not story their income or reported zero income was deleted from the analysis. Do you see any real or potential problems with this imitate decision? Can you provide an alternative regularity to deal with this problem?Likely problems (one of the following or other sensible problem) -The potential selection bias which arises when the decision to report zero income or spurn reporting any is correlated with the decision to use GP services. For instant, top incomegroups may be more jealous of their income information and at the same time more likely to be health advised and visit GPs in consequence excluding the said individuals would affect all coefficient estimates as the model would have to predict a lower probability of GP visit on average.-The decrease in the sample size and the resulting increase in standard errors. The incomplete cases may still provide useful information on the effects of other variables on GP visits and the police detective has discarded this information.Alternative solutions (one of the fol lowing or another sensible solution) Use other information to pass judgment the abstracted information Use dummy variables for get bying income. More sophisticated imputation methods Estimate a selection model (this is covered in more level later in the class but you may know about it from reading or elsewhere)v. (7 marks) excuse how you would construct and use a hit and miss table to compare the performance of the models for the two subsamples of women (young and old). (You do not have to actually construct a table.)Step 1. Calculate a predicted probability for each person in the relevant subsample. Step 2. fetch a predicted binary outcome for each person using a classification rule if person is predicted probability exceeds c, the predicted outcome is 1 and otherwise 0. It is ok if you use 0.5 or the sample mean.Step 3. For each subsample, tabulate frequencies of predicted and actual binary outcomes in the following formPredicted01Observed 0 A B1 B AwhereA (A) = the total number of women whose predicted and discovered outcomes are 0 (1) B (B) = the total number of women whose observed outcome is 0 (1) but the predicted outcome is 1 (0).Step 4. Now, compare the relative frequencies of correct predictions for each subsamples i.e., compare (A+A) / (A+B+A+B) across the subsamples. This tells us how well one model performs relative to another in terms of predicting the observed outcomes. It is ok to describe the comparisons of the predicted 0s severally from the predicted 1s (ie the comparisons of A / (A+B) and A / (A+B) across subsamples) but this is not needed for in full marks.