Free Essays on TV And KIDS

Ongoing investigations from all around the globe have demonstrated that Television affects individuals as people and all in all. We have begat the saying â€Å"couch potato† for individuals who lounge around staring at the TV constantly. There has been various examinations on individuals of any age from little children to senior residents on what impacts TV has on the human mind. Nobody can say and accept that TV has no consequences for society. It is contended continually whether TV reflects society or society considers what they see TV. Television has become a significant piece of each American home. Numerous other created nations are only the equivalent. Society is what is on TV. It is genuine individuals acting like another genuine individual keeps in touch with them to act. Society is making TV so as I would like to think neither society or TV really â€Å"reflect† each other, yet they mix into unadulterated diversion. One way or different, individuals and society overall are influenced by TV from multiple points of view. Numerous People like to contend that TV is unpleasant and that it ruins kids minds. There is acceptable proof to help this view moreover. Robert DuRant is one of the numerous individuals that accept what kids are presented to shows them how they should act. He has concentrated how presentation to viciousness in the media brings about battling, conveying a weapon, and a goal to utilize savagery. In an examination done in 1999 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, it was indicated that American youngsters watch a normal of three to four hours of TV daily. (American 1) The most suprising consequences of DuRant’s considers were that young ladies were more influenced than young men were. Children who had just observed savagery on TV were bound to copy what they saw and were bound to be rough in school. Frequently kids who see savagery on the TV can't separate what is reality and what is TV. This can mean huge difficulty for the youngster and the individuals who may ... Free Essays on TV And KIDS Free Essays on TV And KIDS Late examinations from all around the globe have demonstrated that Television affects individuals as people and overall. We have begat the expression â€Å"couch potato† for individuals who lounge around sitting in front of the TV constantly. There has been various examinations on individuals of any age from little children to senior residents on what impacts TV has on the human mind. Nobody can say and accept that TV has no consequences for society. It is contended continually whether TV reflects society or society thinks about what they see TV. Television has become a significant piece of each American home. Numerous other created nations are only the equivalent. Society is what is on TV. It is genuine individuals acting like another genuine individual keeps in touch with them to act. Society is making TV so as I would like to think neither society or TV really â€Å"reflect† each other, yet they mix into unadulterated diversion. One way or different, individuals and society all in all are influenced by TV from various perspectives. Numerous People like to contend that TV is loathsome and that it ruins kids minds. There is acceptable proof to help this view too. Robert DuRant is one of the numerous individuals that accept what youngsters are presented to shows them how they should act. He has concentrated how introduction to brutality in the media brings about battling, conveying a weapon, and an expectation to utilize viciousness. In an examination done in 1999 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, it was demonstrated that American youngsters watch a normal of three to four hours of TV daily. (American 1) The most suprising aftereffects of DuRant’s contemplates were that young ladies were more influenced than young men were. Children who had just observed viciousness on TV were bound to copy what they saw and were bound to be fierce in school. Regularly kids who see viciousness on the TV can't separate what is reality and what is TV. This can mean enormous difficulty for the kid and the individuals who may ...

Free Essays - Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

J.D Salinger gives his own vision of the world effectively through his persona Holden Caulfield in the ‘Catcher in the Rye’.â Caulfield battles with the foundation of New York to depict Salinger’s subject †you should live the world for what it's worth, not as you might want it to be.â There by uncovering Salinger’s vision on the world. Salinger experienced a large number of the encounters Holden went though.â Salinger much like Holden had a sister that he adored without question, in the novel Phoebe is the main individual that Holden praises; the two men likewise invested energy in a psychological organization; Holden is recounting to the story from inside a foundation; they were both kicked out of private academy and above all they were both a loner from society.â This is the reason Salinger utilizes Holden as his persona all however out the book.â The ‘catcher in they Rye’ is practically similar to a collection of memoirs for Salinger. He is utilizing Holden as his persona to let us, the peruser, jump into his idea example and discover a portion of the musings that he kept secured up there. Salinger’s perspective on the world is lived out idea Holden †his persona. The epic is Holden’s steam of inner voice as he is conversing with a psychoanalyst â€Å"what would a psychoanalyst do†¦gets you to talk†¦for one thing he’d help you to perceive the examples of your mind†. Toward the beginning of the novel it is tended to straightforwardly to us â€Å"if you truly need to find out about it†. This gives us a feeling of reality as if it is us that is the therapist. We see the arbitrary idea examples of Holden’s mind as he begins to feel increasingly great, Holden goes off on to a wide range of digressions while he is talking. Salinger is utilizing Holden as a kind of simple way out to admit his perspective on the world.â This view is depicted however two fundamental parts of the novel.â Firstly subject - you should live in a world all things considered, not as you might want it to be.â Holden can’t appear to acknowledge the world for what it's worth and finds New York amazingly â€Å"phoney†.â Holden has an extraordinary loathing for the motion pictures, he discovers them the phoniest of all â€Å"I detest the motion pictures like poison† and he cannot accept that individuals really cause time to go to the there.

Disease and Conditions of the Reproductive System Free Essays

Unit Seven Workbook Assignment Chapter 12: Diseases and Conditions of the Reproductive System Assignment: For every situation beneath, layout the proper patient training you would perform. To begin with, survey the â€Å"Guidelines for Patient-Teaching Exercises† found on page iv in the â€Å"Introduction†. 1. We will compose a custom paper test on Sickness and Conditions of the Reproductive System or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now SYPHILIS A patient has been determined to have syphilis. The training has printed directions for patients determined to have this condition. The doctor has educated you to furnish the patient with the printed data and to survey it with her. How would you approach this patient-instructing opportunity? To start with, I would plunk down with the patient and read the printed guidelines to the patient. I would accentuate the significance of completing the coarse of medicine, regardless of whether the side effects improve. I would likewise encourage the patient to advise every single sexual accomplice so they can likewise look for treatment if necessary. I would likewise teach the patient to maintain a strategic distance from all hazard factors for STDs. At long last, I would inquire as to whether they have any inquiries. 2. ORCHITIS A youthful male patient has recently been determined to have orchitis. The doctor demands you furnish the patient with the printed data concerning this condition. How would you approach this patient-instructing opportunity? ? To begin with, I would plunk down with the patient and read the printed guidelines to the patient. I would accentuate the significance of completing the whole coarse of anti-toxins. Recommend comfort measures, for example, scrotal help and the utilization of ice packs. Clarify the significance of follow-up arrangements for urologic care. At long last, I would inquire as to whether they have any inquiries. 3. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) A female patient gripes of run of the mill premenstrual condition side effects. The workplace has printed data for persistent educating about this condition. The doctor demands you to give the data sheets to the patient and audit them with her. How would you approach this patient-instructing opportunity? Initially, I would plunk down with the patient and read the printed directions to the patient. Illuminate the patient that ladies profit by pressure decrease program or directing to all the more likely adapt to the side effects. Guarantee th persistent that half of discharging ladies experience PMS in some structure. At long last, inquire as to whether they have any inquiries. 4. ENDOMETRIOSIS A youthful female patient has been grumbling of excruciating menstrual spasms and other pelvic torment. The analysis of endometriosis has been made. The doctor has composed guidelines for this condition. You are told to give the patient the written word and survey it with her. How would you approach this patient-instructing opportunity? ? Initially, I would plunk down with the patient and read the printed directions to the patient. I would audit with the patient the issues encompassing the illness and that it can advance or even relapse after some time. Talk about treatment alternatives, for example, hormonal contraception or medical procedure. Additionally have the patient take and finish the recommended medicine. At long last, I would inquire as to whether they have any inquiries. 5. PREECLAMPSIA (TOXEMIA) A pregnant patient has been encountering raised circulatory strain and unexpected weight gain. She has been determined to have preeclampsia. The doctor has printed guidelines for this condition. You are told to give this data to the patient and her family. How would you approach this patient-educating opportunity? I would show the patient of right on time and standard pre-birth care to screen weight, circulatory strain, and urinalysis. On the off chance that the patient is pregnant and is considered in danger for eclampsia, show the admonition signs to report: abrupt weight gain, edema, migraine, and expanded circulatory strain. Early signs can be figured out how to help forestall hospitalization and the beginning of confusions. At long last, I would inquire as to whether they have any inquiries. The most effective method to refer to Disease and Conditions of the Reproductive System, Essay models

Heart Of Darkness Mystery And Suspense Essay Example For Students

Heart Of Darkness: Mystery And Suspense Essay Heart of Darkness: Mystery and SuspenseIt appears wherever there is something in life that appears to beleft behind. In the books I read about puzzle or anticipation, this consistently seemsto be the situation in such. The Heart of Darkness brings me into such profundities ofsuspense and obscure that appear to assciate with my life. This entire book is brimming with secrets. Marlow has a heart that is fullof mytery when he is stuck in Africa, and searching for a man named Kurtz. Marlowis pausing, he finds out about where the spot is at, what could be coming ahead. Perhaps he was simply securing a few thoughts of what was ahead, or who he would beworking with. For what reason is this pointlessness occurring around him?Marlow is enchanted with puzzle. You wouldnt imagine that somebodywould be essentially insane to proceed to bring an outing down the Congo stream. He has heardsome perspectives about the spot, and the manner in which it appears to suck the guests in. Allthe individuals getting maladies. One would go crazy there, so why? For what reason would hewnat to go do this? Once more, its brimming with riddle, and that makes an interestingbook. Kurtz, with this individual, I can not communicate how much secret applies tohim and his character. Individuals havent got notification from him for a significant long time,because h eis up the stream from the station where Marlow is at. Individuals arewanting the chief, and theyre getting anxious. Is Kurtz, wiped out? Might one be able to ofthese individuals get another advancement in their activity? The individuals dont need Marlow togo investigate up the stream far and kind Kurtz, suppling him with assistance that hemight need. But then, Marlow needs Kurtz. However, there is the riddle of the Congo stream. It has particular talent with thepeople that come into it and attempt to investigate its orgins. It appears to drag youin, and not let you go. The entirety of this, since they were interested and bold. Butnot every single valiant man will endure this wilderness that the Congo waterway lays on. In the end, Marlow fixes his steamer, and cautiously goes to meet themysterious man he has heard such a great amount from the individuals, back in the station. Whoknows what damnation find, or hear, or feel on his way. Its a puzzle that followshim. Is by all accounts his shadow, however Marlow maintains a strategic distance from them since they get in his wayall the time. At that point comes the infamouse scene of the bundle. Marlow at last findsKurtz, and he gives Marlow a bundle. This was confounding part for my benefit. Kurtz passes on, at that point parts with the bundle. That is to say, this is an absolute puzzle to me,and what was in the bundle. Possibly Kurtz saw trust in Marlow, and that he wasstrong enough to endure. The Hear of Darkness, a book loaded with obscure. Ive never read a bookwith such a large number of obscure containing in its pages. In any case, once more, the puzzle part ofit makes that a decent book, which is sensational. This was definately a Heartof Darkness.

Construction

Construction *Ahem*. When I applied to MIT, I put down on my application that my probable choice of major (or however it is they ask you what it is you want to do) was mechanical engineering. I liked to build things and create things, and I thought that led me to being a mechanical engineer. Fast forward a year, and Ive had some new thoughts on the matter. Ive always enjoyed making things; that hasnt changed at all. This summer, for example, I built a bike. Working at MITERS, one of MITs student groups which I believe Ive mentioned before (and will someday blog about), I decided that I wanted to have a bike for when I came to campus in the fall. I didnt want to bring the nice bicycle I had at home, which my grandparents had given me my freshman year of high school; everybody had told me that living in the city, youd have a bike stolen at least once if you were lucky. However, I didnt want a piece-of-trash bike with a rusty chain and a metal post for a seat (ouch). I wanted something nice, something snazzy, something that I would still enjoy. I didnt want to spend a ton of money, so I set about trying to acquire something meeting all those criteria, on the cheap. Yeah, Im picky. One day this summer, the very-much-publicized Charles Guan sends out the following e-mail: 3 bikes in mostly good repair on the loading dock. also, someones nuclear apocalypse survival kit complete with soviet literature and yellow bunny suit. but i already claimed that. get the rest y/n -c Score! A few e-mails later, and Charles snagged one of the bikes for me. That afternoon, I came by to check it out: an older, Ross-brand single speed bike, with a kickin retro seat and a basket on back. I liked it, but wanted to touch it up. I began by stripping the paint, painting it blue, and failing at putting it back together again: (I couldve sworn there were more parts in the front fork Gremlins mustve taken them.) Oh. Also, I soon came to the (aided) realization that I had a womens frame. With my masculinity feeling threatened (and the frame being too small for me), I set about acquiring a different (but used, cheap) frame. Fast forward a medium amount of money, a lot of time digging around a *bike graveyard* and in the bike store, and I had most of a bike. I ended up with a maroon frame, sweet plain handlebars, the old seat, and a really nice 3-speed gearbox. Because I was building the bike, and because it sounded like a really cool idea, I didnt want lots of sprockets and tensioners and shifters; I opted to buy a wheel with a planetary gearbox in the wheel hub, which gave me three speeds with no shifting roller chain. (Fyi, three has proven more than enough for the city) Some elbow grease, some bearing grease, and some pizza grease (from Chicago Pizza) later, I had a bike. Wewt. (Note: I know that when I talk about this as building a bike, it really means that I just assembled a bike from mostly junked but already-existing bike parts. Nothing too impressive; however, there are some people at MIT whove actually designed and built bicycles from scratch, and thats pretty cool). Where am I going with this? Hang on, Im almost done. This semester, after finishing my critically acclaimed (what does that even mean?) fork, I decided in my freshman seminar that I wanted to build a steel table. It took three+ weeks of forging (working a few hours a week), which make for a fairly boring story, so Ill only share the end result with one awesome detail: when I finished making the table, from 18 feet of steel rod, we put a piece of sheet steel on it as a test surface. Instructor and general cool-dude Mike Tarkanian took out his iPod Touch, and took me by surprisre: he bought an app, on the spot, that would use the iPods built-in accelerometer as a surface level for the table. As much as I am *not* an Apple fan, I thought that was pretty awesome. Also awesome was that, through eyeballing my handiwork, I had built the table to within 1.3 degrees of level (referenced to the floor). Woot! Anyway, here it is; the picture was taken in a bathroom because I wasnt sure where I could find a nice backdrop for a test shot. Also, the glass top is borrowed; I havent bought one of my own, yet. Anyway, what does this all come down to? The reason I enjoyed building this table, the reason I enjoyed building my bicycle, and the reason I enjoy using linux not Ubuntu-everything works and looks shiny!-linux, but darn, I have to compile drivers again, this sucks-linux is the reason I thought I wanted to be a mechanical engineer. I do like building things, but I like building them because I want to be a part of the creation process, I want to understand and have some part in the things around me. I like customizing things, I like doing things the hard way, and I like taking things apart even when I cant put them back together; I like all this because I like to create. I dont know yet if that means creating things in the mechanical realm, as a choice of course 2 for my major would suggest, or in other fields perhaps algorithms? but I do know that I like to take the hard way, often for less effective results (the chain fell off my bike while I was riding it, a while back, putting me on crutches _), and I know it is that quality that will lead me to whatever major I do choose to pursue here at MIT. In a less overarching sense, though, that has some consequences for the present: During my first few weeks at MIT, both of the (old) laptops I had brought to campus broke (A three-year-old Compaq Id bought in high school, and a $140 tablet Id snagged on ebay at the start of the summer). Although Ive been getting by on a netbook since, an Eee PC does not make for a good primary computer. Time to get building! Till next time, -Cam [Sneak preview: Next week may be some of my thoughts about the college essay, although those thoughts do not reflect any opinions of the MIT admissions office (blah, blah, blah). This is for you, regular-action procrastinators!] [Of course, it may not be, if I decide to write about something else. I change my mind often.]

Essay on Ischemic heart disease

Essay on Ischemic heart disease Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a disease characterized by disturbance of blood supply to the heart due to narrowing and occlusion of coronary artery with atherosclerotic plaques. As a result of progression of atherosclerosis vascular lumen is gradually decreased, and as a result, blood flow to the heart is slowed down, whereby the myocardium (heart muscle) loses the necessary power. Risk Factors: Unbalanced diets that promote blood cholesterol levels. Overweight. Lack of exercise. Smoking and alcohol abuse. Hypertensive heart disease. Diabetes. Chronic stress. Inborn and inherited diseases. Signs of coronary artery disease. The main symptom of the disease is pain. However, in the early stages of the disease patients may be concerned about a feeling of discomfort in their chest during exercise, which goes away after a short while. People who have IHD not only feel pain in the chest, but it can also spread to the left arm, neck and the shoulder blade. Along with the increase of pain, patients with are faced with dyspnea first under intense, later performing simple actions (e.g, walking), and at later stages all the time. People with IHD often complain of palpitations (reinforced, frequent, strong perceivable beats) and interruptions (feeling chest fading) of the heart. Often these changes are recorded on an electrocardiogram. Besides the symptoms mentioned above, patients are accompanied by weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and, rarely, fainting. There are several forms of ischemic heart disease: sudden cardiac death, angina, myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction and arrhythmic form. We can say that the most formidable of these is angina. It is characterized by recurrent seizures that happen suddenly, often after physical or psycho-emotional stress. The patient feels a sense of lack of air, pain radiating to the neck, arm, shoulder blade, lower jaw. These attacks are provoked by factors like high blood pressure, alcohol, hearty meal, low temperatures. First aid in the event of angina is to eliminate the factors that trigger an attack to calm a person down, stop the exercise. The following step would be to secure a flow of air and take a sedative. This tool expands the coronary vessels, a spasm of which is the reason for the attack. In the absence of timely assistance, a portion of heart muscle cells die from a lack of food developing myocardial infarction. Treatment of coronary heart disease: Therapy for this disease should be appointed only by a doctor. An arsenal of medicines taken with IHD, is quite large, and usually the patient is taking several medications from different groups, namely nitrates to prevent attacks; antiplatelet therapy blood thinners (prevention of thrombotic events); blockers normalize rhythm; calcium antagonists expanding coronary vessels feeding the myocardium; statins and fibrates reduce cholesterol in the blood; drugs that enhance metabolism in the cardiac muscle. Most of the drugs are prescribed for life and their self-cancellation is fraught with complications and deterioration. Preventive measures: Full, balanced, regular meals. Also, there is a list of products to be excluded from the ration: diet products, sources of cholesterol and saturated fats (fatty meat, bacon, sausages, dumplings, cream, oil, dairy products with a high percentage of fat). On the other hand, fruits, herbs, vegetables, lean meats, seafood and sea fish, low-fat dairy products, cereals, legumes, mushrooms, vegetable oils, nuts, etc are good for IHD patients and optimal for their diet. Weight is another great issue, to reduce weight, it is necessary to carefully monitor the high calorie foods, excluded from the diet animal fats and digestible carbohydrates. It is also useful to periodically arrange fasting days. Regular physical activity is helpful, but one should be careful, not to cross the line, as over exercise can be dangerous. Hiking, domestic work, therapeutic exercises these simple measures will help to improve the performance of the heart. Absence of stress, refusal of bad habits like drinking alc ohol and smoking, control of blood pressure, can help prevent IHD and heart diseases in general. The main high-tech way to restore coronary artery is percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. You can judge the essence of this manipulation on the basis of its name: Percutaneous indicates that the introduction of the catheter into the vessel through puncture of the skin. Transluminal means that all manipulations are carried out through the vessels. Balloon means that the recovery of the affected coronary artery lumen occurs by balloon inflation in vasoconstriction. Coronary means that the effects are on the coronary arteries, ie arteries supplying the heart. Angioplasty means that the impact made ​​on the vessel (from the word angio a vessel). References Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease). Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease). N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/heart_vascular_institute/conditions_treatments/conditions/coronary_artery.html. Rimmerman, Curtis M. Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary Artery Disease. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/#s0175. Tardif, Jean-Claude. Coronary Artery Disease in 2010. European Heart Journal. Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Università © De Montrà ©al, 5000 Belanger Str, Montreal, Canada H1T 1C8, n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http%3A%2F%2Feurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F12%2Fsuppl_C%2FC2.full.

A Brief Note On Plagiarism And Collusion. Plagiarism

Assignment Cover Sheet Faculty of Science and Technology GROUP 4: Eswar Muraharisetty, Maneesh Chatamoni, Rohita Gongada UNIT CODE: SEB724 UNIT CHAIR: Dr Arun Patil ASSIGNMENT NAME: Engineering Leadership DUE DATE: 06/10/2014 Plagiarism and collusion Plagiarism occurs when a student passes off as the student’s own work, or copies without acknowledgment as to its authorship, the work of any other person. Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignment or other work Declaration I certify that the attached work is entirely my own (or where submitted to meet the requirements of an approved group assignment is the work of the group), except where work quoted or paraphrased is acknowledged in the text. I also certify that it has not been submitted for assessment in any other unit or course. I agree that Deakin University may make and retain copies of this work for the purposes of marking and review, and may submit this work to an external plagiarism-detection service that may retain a copy for future plagiarism detection but will not release it or use it for any other purpose. DATE: 06/10/2014 Assignment will not be accepted for assessment if the declaration appearing above has, not been duly completed by the author. DELTA PAPER CORP. INTRODUCTION We have started our company in the early 1992’s in the western suburbs of Melbourne. 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Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1030 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? If you intend to buy stocks on the capital markets, your first step would be to find those which are undervalued in relation to the current market price. This is the only way to be successful and profitable on the long-term. It makes sense to look for cheap stocks, doesnt it? I mean, why would someone be interested in buying expensive stocks? When using terms cheap and expensive I am not speaking in absolute numbers, but rather relative, comparing stock market price with the fair value of the company. If stock markets would be perfect, all market actors would possess all crucial information about the company and would evaluate the information in the proper manner. But this obviously isnt the case. Nobody really knows what will the iPhone 5 present in the total incomes of the Apple Inc.- plans are one thing, the reality is another. This brings us to the fact that stocks rarely trade at the fair price on the stock markets; they mostly trade above (overvalued) or under (undervalued) the fair value. Overvalued stocks are opportunity to sell; undervalued stocks are opportunity to buy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Stock analysis is a rather a subjective topic and to become a great analytic, you need a lot of experience and be aware of different methods of valuing the companies. One simple way of calculating fair company value is by comparing the company with key players in the same sector or industry. A more advanced approach is to use discounted cash flow valuation method. Both approaches have some pros and cons. We will focus on the latest method in this article next. An abbreviation for discounted cash flow valuation is DCF. Its main principle is to predict how much money the company will generate for investors in the future and discount all the future cash flows on the current date to get its intrinsic value. DCF valuation can be processed in the following steps. Forecasting Period, Revenue Growth In the first step you should set the period for detailed forecasting of future cash flows and assess the growth rate in the years that will follow. The usual forecasting period is 5 years in case of well established company, but can be prolonged for outstanding growth companies or shortened for smaller companies in high competitive industry. When it comes to forecasting revenue growth, things can get very subjective. This is a difficult part of the analysis. Try to think about all possible aspects influencing company revenues, like future products and services, change in market share, expected changes in pricing policy, etc. You should deal with realistic, optimistic and pessimistic outcomes. The final result of this step is to have sales revenues projections for years to come. Free Cash Flow FCF is the cash left to the company once all operating expenses are paid. This is what adds value to company shareholders and can be used for dividend payout, business expansion, research and development, and similar. Projected FCF per year is calculated as sales revenue minus operating costs, taxes, net investment and net changes in working capital. It is not the purpose of this article to get into more details about specific accounting categories, but lets just say that you can find all these figures for recent years in different company statements. Discount Rate I cant say how important it is to do the math that follows with correct discount rate, since a very small change in this figure can have a great impact on final result. First of all, why do we have to discount future cash flows? Because of the inflation! $1 after one year is not the same as $1 today, do you agree? In theory you will find many options one could use as discount factor, but WACC is most commonly used (Weighted Average Cost of Capital). WACC weights the cost of debt and the cost of equity. The first figure is very straightforward and can be calculated from the balance sheet at what rate is the company paying back its debt. The cost of equity on the other side is usually calculated as a sum of risk free rate (the rate at which you get paid for low-risk investments) and premium for investing in equity (this one depends on the sector/industry beta and market premium). Terminal Value So far we have used the discounted cash flow valuation method to determine FCF value for the years in the forecasting period. But the company will not stop operating after this period, will it? So you should determine the value of FCF afterwards. One usual method of doing this is by using the Gordon Growth Model, which simplifies the calculation by assuming that companys CF will stabilize after the last projected year. Terminal value plays an important role in calculating fair company value, so you should rather go more conservative with its calculation. Enterprise Value Now we have all the figures to calculate the enterprise value (EV), which is nothing else than discounted cash flow of each projected year and terminal value of the company minus the net debt of the company. Divide the EV with number of outstanding shares to get the fair value of a single share. If the current market price of the same share is trading below the calculated enterprise value, you should consider it as undervalued and a buying opportunity. Pros and Cons of Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Method DCF method is useful when comparison of multiples is not possible or makes no sense. It is also a better way to calculate with figures out of cash flow statement than from income statement or balance sheet, which can be adjusted easily. On the negative side of discounted cash flow valuation method is subjectivity and assumptions. It is also difficult to use this method when the future is not so clear. We advise you to go as conservative as possible with calculations and bear in mind, that results can only be used for long-term investments. Short-term trading is based more on technical than on fundamental analysis. You do not need to setup everything from scratch in Excel. You can find many free DCF templates online. Here is a good link:

Serving as Part of the Green Berets - 825 Words

Earning the way into the Army’s Green Berets, a branch of the Army’s Special Forces, is no easy task. Being a part of a military service as prestigious as the Green Berets branch in the Special Forces is a great aspiration. The great leadership skills, intelligence, and overall drive it takes for a person to achieve this type of rank in the Armed Forces is something that are greatly admired in the United States. This elite group offers safety and security to the citizens of the United States and other countries with its unconventional warfare. The Green Berets is an elite career to aspire to because of the lasting knowledge it instills, the job satisfaction behind what this group works towards, and the unique opportunity that these select†¦show more content†¦The Army describes the Rangers’ as, â€Å"capable of conducting squad through regimental size operations and are resourced to maintain exceptional proficiency, experience and readiness† (U.S. Army Rangers: The 75th Ranger Regiment). After serving as a Ranger a soldier can then be apply and be accepted into the Green Berets. For both the Rangers and Green Berets Special Forces training is required. This includes Special Operations Preparation Course, Special Forces Assessment and Selection, Special Forces Qualification Course, and Live Environment Training. The motto of the Special Forces is â€Å"De Oppresso Liber† which translates from Latin to â€Å"To Free The Oppressed†. Throughout history the Green Berets mission has changed and grown based on the state of the world. Today, the Green Berets traditional mission is to advise and train foreign military forces to help them internally defend their nation. Some of the other major focuses are counterterrorism, direct action, special reconnaissance, and unconventional warfare. Counterterrorism is action take to impede and respond to terrorist acts. Direct action organized missions that are used when Special F orces, â€Å"want to seize, capture, recover or destroy enemy weapons and information or recover designated personnel or material† (Your Most Powerful Weapon Is Your Mind). These types of missions are used when the Green Berets are â€Å"in and out before the enemy has time to knowShow MoreRelatedEssay on Protest Songs Throughout the Vietnam War1445 Words   |  6 Pagesintervene. The American public was generally supportive of this movement, in the beginning. 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Mary Anne joining Fossie in Vietnam also makes me believe she is very naive because she has no idea what is inRead MoreWomen During The Vietnam War1294 Words   |  6 Pagespsychiatric nurse who already had a brother serving in the war. Allen turned down potential career opportunities in the medical profession to support her brother and other men like him. Captain Allen was one of the nurses who requested frontline duty, per her request she was then assigned to the remote 12th Evac Hospital at Cu Chi. Her main duties were taking care of the Americans as well as Vietnamese women, children and fallen soldiers. After serving in Vietnam for a year, she served in the reser vesRead MoreMorality Of The Youth In Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five1088 Words   |  5 Pagesmonks got the idea of raising armies of children in Germany and France and selling the in North Africa as slaves. Thirty thousand children volunteered, thinking they were going to Palestine† (Vonnegut, 20). This is a straightforward commentary on his part in the war he and the protagonist of his novel, Pilgrim, were involved in. Vonnegut is correlating the Childrens Crusade to WW2 and in doing so providing his assessment on the driving force behind the war efforts. 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Marketing Apple Fanatics Self Identity - 1307 Words

As a company, Apple is known throughout the globe for more than their high-quality and revolutionary products; Apple is a household name because of the publicity surrounding their devoted fans. These fans camp outside Apple Stores days before a product is released, sometimes just to preorder the product. They eat, sleep, and breathe Apple, earning them the name iSheep. Fans of other brands lack the same publicity, but they maintain the same level of devotion. Many people exclusively wear Nike or Jordan. Some may make a cup of Starbucks coffee a part of their morning routine. Over the years, brand wars have gained media attention and marked generations: Ford vs. Chevrolet, Microsoft vs. Apple, Coke vs. Pepsi, the list goes on. The bottom line is that major brands often create an obsession among their consumers that can be compared to religious worship, which in turn negatively affects cultural identity. According to David Glance, an author for The Washington Post, there are three interconnected factors that form Apple fanatics: Self-identity, Brand drivers, and Social identity. The first is fairly self-explanatory; people today base their lifestyles on their possessions, especially where their smartphone is concerned. People are also influenced by band drivers — â€Å"the perceived value of the product, the level of service that came with the purchase, †¦ and the overall level of trust placed in both the product and the company† (Glance). Yet above all, people have the instinctiveShow MoreRelatedBrand Community : A Community Of Brand Followers And Customers1573 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity from subcultures. Harley Davidson enthusiasts predominantly unified by brand with motorcycle fanatics currently known as motorcycle ‘‘gangs’’ like the Hell’s Angels, Mongols that are primarily subcultures in which the Harley Davidson motorcycl e is metonymic rather than definitive (Muniz Jr. O Guinn, 2001). Apple enthusiasts on the other hand have the product as the mainstream of their brand. Apple impressed and attracted their community by masterfully depicting it’s users as young and creativeRead MorePersonality and Lifestyle8596 Words   |  35 Pagesinfluences the way he or she responds to marketing stimuli, but efforts to use this information in marketing contexts have met with mixed results. †¢ Consumers’ lifestyles are key to many marketing strategies. †¢ Psychographics go beyond simple demographics in helping marketers understand and reach different consumer segments. †¢ Identifying patterns of consumption can be superior to knowledge of individual purchases when crafting a lifestyle marketing strategy. Chapter SUMMARY Read Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagesspending on items such as books, equipment, repairs and improvements. They might also seek additional sources of funding such as government assistance. There will also be a need to account for all costs (expenditure) and revenues of the school. Marketing: schools need to attract customers (students and their parents). This might be done through means such as offering a broad and enriching curriculum and wide opportunities (such as extra-curricular activities). Public relations and promotion (suchRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesGiant Ekomate Systems and the Indian Software Industry: Leveraging Network Relationships for International Growth Sustaining the Magic at Bang Olufsen Cordys: Innovation in Business Process Management iPod to iPad: Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Apple Grupo Ferrovial and the Acquisition of Amey plc Who Runs Education Now? Mergers and De-mergers in the Public Sector Severstal Queensland Rail: QR Ltd (QR) The Changan-Ford Joint Venture: Same Bed but Different Dreams? TNK-BP: from Russia Without LoveRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSingapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art

Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness Free Essays

string(72) " thing about egotists is that they don’t talk about other people\." CHALLENGES OF KNOWING YOURSELF AND THE QUEST FOR HAPPINESS R. Priyadarshini (MBA FINAL year) rpdarshini87@gmail. com Contact no. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9677216300 Dept. of Management Studies, University of Madras INTRODUCTION: â€Å"The world is so unhappy because it is ignorant of the true self. Man’s real nature is happiness. Happiness is inborn in the true self. Man’s search for happiness is an unconscious search for his true self. The true self is imperishable; therefore, when a man finds it, he finds a happiness which does not come to an end. † Mankind is united in conviction that happiness is a very desirable state. Every person, consciously or unconsciously, are motivated in all we do by our need for happiness. Being happy and peaceful is considered the ultimate aspect of a successful life, but it is really the most fundamental aspect of life. The level of happiness may vary from person to person, but what all people are aiming for is to feel happy. We chase money, health, growth, fame, power, property and relationships, not for their own sake but for the satisfaction they promise. The creation of empires and civilizations, the discovery of continents, the waging of wars, the whole ebb and flow of history is a graphic portrait of man’s ceaseless quest for happiness. QUEST FOR HAPPINESS: The quest for happiness is endless and bounds no place and time. The level of man’s longing for happiness becomes higher and higher as the standard of living also increases. The first step towards happiness leads to another step, and then to another until a progression of steps is made transgressing the three dimensions of time – the past, the present, and the future. Happiness is parallel to contentment based on dictionary. Man has never been content all his life. His success for having attained a particular end always paves way to the urge to meet a higher end. Epicurus, an Athenian philosopher, suggested that in order for man to achieve happiness, he should give up all the complexities of life, like wealth, desire, fame and power, and go back to basics when the things that only matter are those necessary for pure biological subsistence, friends, freedom and analyzed life. It is hard to persuade a common man to renounce life’s worldly pleasures. If man will relinquish his desire to aspire for the better, progress will be hampered and everything will be doomed in complete stagnation. The nature of desire makes the acquisition of happiness impossible. Man desires, he obtains and get satisfied, then he desires something else and begin a new pursuit. This is a cycle to which every man is subjected. For every man to remain healthy, productive and sane, he must continue the never ending quest of happiness. KNOWING ONESELF: â€Å"Know thyself means this, that you get acquainted with what you know, and what you can do† Says meander. When a person knows who they are, and clearly understands what they want, then they have a much better chance of discovering how to reach their own success, happiness and personal fulfillment. To be successful one need to deeply know what he really likes, what he genuinely does not like, what he is good at and what he is not good at. If these questions are answered about oneself and decisions are made then naturally success is followed by happiness. This fills everyone with much bliss, calmness and also improves people mindset, as well as their relationships and connections with others. Knowing oneself will enable them to develop their full potential and be happy, contented and fulfilled. Whether their idea and understanding of success is fulfillment in business, friendship, love, sports, a blend of all these or another thing altogether, knowing oneself and working on change for the better will enable them to achieve their goals. Then indeed, when they reach their goals, they will turn out to be a much happier person. And that is real success in its truest sense. The only way to bring your best self to work and life is to know oneself well. CHALLENGES IN KNOWING ONESELF: â€Å"Knowing the other and knowing oneself, in one hundred battles no danger. Not knowing the other and knowing oneself, one victory for one loss. Not knowing the other and not knowing oneself, in every battle certain defeat. † Man tends to be blind to his own faults and weaknesses and so never fix the problems that keep him from greater success. He should begin by identifying the barriers. If one knows oneself, barriers can be overcome. Bror Carlson says, â€Å"A problem that is located and identified is already half solved. By understanding the nature of the problem, we are well on the way to greater self-mastery and personal success. IGNORANCE: Seventy-five percent of the high school students who will enter the workforce have no idea what the term ‘inflation’ means. Sixty-six percent cannot tell you what profits are. And 55% of our young people have no understanding of what a ‘government budget deficit’ is. This is due to the lack of devoting time to gain knowledge though the person is very much capable. There are many internal and external causes for ignorance; Lack of self interest, motivation, and wrong assessment of oneself. All these contribute towards internal causes and external causes are due to family pressure, lack of time management or even financial barriers. PERSONALITY TRAITS: Personality traits are fixed at a young age, Hence external factors like upbringing environment plays a major role in determining the personality. Since most organizational leaders are not on a rigorous program of self-mastery, they exhibit these same traits throughout their life. If one is strong on self-esteem and self-improvement, these traits would support the drive toward self-mastery. But other traits such as self-destruction, elf-indulgence and self-pity would have the opposite effect. It is beauty that captures your attention and personality which captures your heart. EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS: â€Å"The nice thing about egotists is that they don’t talk about other people. You read "Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness" in category "Papers" † Lucille S. Harper The Ego is subject to a number of self-deceptions preventing self-mastery. Sigmund Freud many years ago observed that the Ego is a fragile entity requiring protection from anxiety. Typically it manifests as some type of stressful emotional state such as fear, guilt, embarrassment, anger, frustration. Even the little things in life can activate an Ego defense mechanism. A frown from a superior, criticism from the colleague, getting angry at the person who bumped into you is a few examples. Sadly, once these mechanisms are engaged, the mind does not properly process the information it receives. NEGATIVE SELF-TALK: Thoughts have a great impact on the emotions, feelings or states of mind that operate at any given moment of time. For example, the person who thinks, â€Å"I’m not happy,† typically feels that way. Studies say those who have emotional problems engage in negative self-talk about 50 percent of the time. For some reason, few people admit that they talk to themselves or understand the critical nature of this internal dialogue. HABITUATION AND HABIT FORMATION: Habituated thinking patterns develop like certain streets in Boston. In the older parts of the city, the streets follow the paths used by long dead cows to get between barn and pasture. The issue here is that we tend to get â€Å"stuck† in a set of behaviors and patterns of thought that do not support our pursuit of worldly success or self-mastery. Habits start developing at a young age, and continue to build on them as a person become older. Sometime negative habits are recognised, but the person may feel like they are a part of who they are, so they hold on to them. There are also some individuals who seem to be in denial and do not seem to recognize their negative habits at all. If one pay close attention to oneself as it relates to our everyday lives and our dealings with others, we will likely find habits that we need to change. HOMEOSTASIS: â€Å"The mind acts like a rubber band that when stretched, tends to snap back to the way it was. † It’s hard to build new mental or behavioral habits–and extremely difficult to stop an old habit and substitute a new one. This means that one-time bursts of motivation tend to produce little lasting effect. It’s safe to assume that new changes will be resisted by the motivational forces supporting the status quo (homeostasis). ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT: Many powerful leaders have immature Egos. Arrested development essentially means that Ego growth has stopped prematurely. There are many symptoms one can experience. One symptom of this immaturity is the leader who cannot control their emotions. Another is a boss who blames others while failing to look at their own personal contribution to the problem. A third symptom is someone with high IQ but low emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is said to be a ladder comprising self awareness, self management, social awareness and relationship management at each level. EMOTIONS: The study found that 26% of new hires fail because they can’t accept feedback, 23% because they’re unable to understand and manage emotions, 17% because they lack the necessary motivation to excel, 15% because they have the wrong temperament for the job, and only 11% because they lack the necessary technical skills. This aspect deals with people who fail on managing their emotions. There is another aspect to these emotions where on the journey of discovering the real self many fail to trust their emotions. These people have very high chances of failing at a job in the long run. At a particular point of time they lose their passion for the job and business. The intensity which they once had is lost. They do not think through their heart, hence in the long run they lose passion for what they work or do. Analysis and logic are part of decision making process but what ignites an individual to take action is said to be emotions. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: John Tierney, International Herald Tribune says that for half a century, social psychologists have been trying to figure out the human gift for rationalizing irrational behavior. Why did we evolve with brains that salute our shrewdness for buying the neon yellow car with bad gas mileage? Cognitive dissonance commonly operates as an unconscious mechanism and so it is difficult to detect. It is associated with buyers remorse and purchasers regret when it comes to making important purchases. More importantly, it provides insight into why man takes pride in his stupid decisions. OVERCOMING BARRIERS / CREATING A CHANGE: Recognizing is the first step to making changes. Then an action plan is required to overcome these barriers. Each of these action plans are clearly explained as follows. †¢ Being a creature of habit and automatic thinking is dangerous in a world of constant change. Identify the bad habits. Notice the patterns. Listening to the things other people say to about oneself. They may say the same negative things. These feedbacks can be used as a fuel to work on becoming a better person. A journal of the behaviors can be maintained that a person desire to change. Write down the efforts made and results obtained. This would motivate the person to continue to work on changing other things. †¢ By discovering oneself, personal interests and what the person is capable of ignorance can be eliminated. This self discovery can be followed by the following action plan. ? Expanding knowledge ? Killing ego ? Never say die attitude †¢ Analyzing one’s personality over the entire lifetime is necessary to determine the personality trait they belong to. A common mistake people make is analyzing oneself based on the present and this can be down right misleading. In Myer Brigg’s a person may type himself according to his inferior function. A normally calm person would see himself anxious and reactive under high degree of stress. This can be overcome by looking at oneself throughout his life and notice what it has in common. [pic] †¢ Negative self talk can be overcome by developing positive thinking and attitude. The following action plan would overcome negative attitude overtime. ? Stop talking, start writing- Instead of talking about one’s problems write it down and make a note of the cause for the problem. ? Commit oneself to thinking about the life they actually want and start visualizing it. ? Savor each moment Exercise gratitude ? Do not waste time dwelling on the past ? Keep a sense of humor. ? Belief that can change one’s life †¢ In order to overcome ego of oneself, the person must be brutally honest to himself, willingness to accept change. A self monitor must be installed in their mind that constantly analysis their activities. They can also ask their friends to monitor them and provide feedback. CONCLUSION: â€Å"I am what I am† To know oneself, will be an invitation as well as a challenge. It is an invitation to look deeply into oneself and to learn how gifted they are. It is a challenge to make a personal decision to enhance these gifts and do something about the short comings. Love, understand and appreciate the real self rather than seeking for the ideal self and thus true happiness is obtained. True happiness is a spontaneous feeling of inner peace, joy and contentment which is the result of introspection a person turn within and establish contact with inner nature. REFERENCES: 1. â€Å"Twelve Psychological Barriers To Self-Actualization and Personal Success† By Murray Johannsen. 2. â€Å"Positive Thinking – Your 7 Step Action Plan By Jinger Jarrett 3. â€Å"Knowing yourself well† by Donna P. Lendzyk How to cite Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness, Papers

Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness Free Essays

string(72) " thing about egotists is that they don’t talk about other people\." CHALLENGES OF KNOWING YOURSELF AND THE QUEST FOR HAPPINESS R. Priyadarshini (MBA FINAL year) rpdarshini87@gmail. com Contact no. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9677216300 Dept. of Management Studies, University of Madras INTRODUCTION: â€Å"The world is so unhappy because it is ignorant of the true self. Man’s real nature is happiness. Happiness is inborn in the true self. Man’s search for happiness is an unconscious search for his true self. The true self is imperishable; therefore, when a man finds it, he finds a happiness which does not come to an end. † Mankind is united in conviction that happiness is a very desirable state. Every person, consciously or unconsciously, are motivated in all we do by our need for happiness. Being happy and peaceful is considered the ultimate aspect of a successful life, but it is really the most fundamental aspect of life. The level of happiness may vary from person to person, but what all people are aiming for is to feel happy. We chase money, health, growth, fame, power, property and relationships, not for their own sake but for the satisfaction they promise. The creation of empires and civilizations, the discovery of continents, the waging of wars, the whole ebb and flow of history is a graphic portrait of man’s ceaseless quest for happiness. QUEST FOR HAPPINESS: The quest for happiness is endless and bounds no place and time. The level of man’s longing for happiness becomes higher and higher as the standard of living also increases. The first step towards happiness leads to another step, and then to another until a progression of steps is made transgressing the three dimensions of time – the past, the present, and the future. Happiness is parallel to contentment based on dictionary. Man has never been content all his life. His success for having attained a particular end always paves way to the urge to meet a higher end. Epicurus, an Athenian philosopher, suggested that in order for man to achieve happiness, he should give up all the complexities of life, like wealth, desire, fame and power, and go back to basics when the things that only matter are those necessary for pure biological subsistence, friends, freedom and analyzed life. It is hard to persuade a common man to renounce life’s worldly pleasures. If man will relinquish his desire to aspire for the better, progress will be hampered and everything will be doomed in complete stagnation. The nature of desire makes the acquisition of happiness impossible. Man desires, he obtains and get satisfied, then he desires something else and begin a new pursuit. This is a cycle to which every man is subjected. For every man to remain healthy, productive and sane, he must continue the never ending quest of happiness. KNOWING ONESELF: â€Å"Know thyself means this, that you get acquainted with what you know, and what you can do† Says meander. When a person knows who they are, and clearly understands what they want, then they have a much better chance of discovering how to reach their own success, happiness and personal fulfillment. To be successful one need to deeply know what he really likes, what he genuinely does not like, what he is good at and what he is not good at. If these questions are answered about oneself and decisions are made then naturally success is followed by happiness. This fills everyone with much bliss, calmness and also improves people mindset, as well as their relationships and connections with others. Knowing oneself will enable them to develop their full potential and be happy, contented and fulfilled. Whether their idea and understanding of success is fulfillment in business, friendship, love, sports, a blend of all these or another thing altogether, knowing oneself and working on change for the better will enable them to achieve their goals. Then indeed, when they reach their goals, they will turn out to be a much happier person. And that is real success in its truest sense. The only way to bring your best self to work and life is to know oneself well. CHALLENGES IN KNOWING ONESELF: â€Å"Knowing the other and knowing oneself, in one hundred battles no danger. Not knowing the other and knowing oneself, one victory for one loss. Not knowing the other and not knowing oneself, in every battle certain defeat. † Man tends to be blind to his own faults and weaknesses and so never fix the problems that keep him from greater success. He should begin by identifying the barriers. If one knows oneself, barriers can be overcome. Bror Carlson says, â€Å"A problem that is located and identified is already half solved. By understanding the nature of the problem, we are well on the way to greater self-mastery and personal success. IGNORANCE: Seventy-five percent of the high school students who will enter the workforce have no idea what the term ‘inflation’ means. Sixty-six percent cannot tell you what profits are. And 55% of our young people have no understanding of what a ‘government budget deficit’ is. This is due to the lack of devoting time to gain knowledge though the person is very much capable. There are many internal and external causes for ignorance; Lack of self interest, motivation, and wrong assessment of oneself. All these contribute towards internal causes and external causes are due to family pressure, lack of time management or even financial barriers. PERSONALITY TRAITS: Personality traits are fixed at a young age, Hence external factors like upbringing environment plays a major role in determining the personality. Since most organizational leaders are not on a rigorous program of self-mastery, they exhibit these same traits throughout their life. If one is strong on self-esteem and self-improvement, these traits would support the drive toward self-mastery. But other traits such as self-destruction, elf-indulgence and self-pity would have the opposite effect. It is beauty that captures your attention and personality which captures your heart. EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS: â€Å"The nice thing about egotists is that they don’t talk about other people. You read "Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness" in category "Papers" † Lucille S. Harper The Ego is subject to a number of self-deceptions preventing self-mastery. Sigmund Freud many years ago observed that the Ego is a fragile entity requiring protection from anxiety. Typically it manifests as some type of stressful emotional state such as fear, guilt, embarrassment, anger, frustration. Even the little things in life can activate an Ego defense mechanism. A frown from a superior, criticism from the colleague, getting angry at the person who bumped into you is a few examples. Sadly, once these mechanisms are engaged, the mind does not properly process the information it receives. NEGATIVE SELF-TALK: Thoughts have a great impact on the emotions, feelings or states of mind that operate at any given moment of time. For example, the person who thinks, â€Å"I’m not happy,† typically feels that way. Studies say those who have emotional problems engage in negative self-talk about 50 percent of the time. For some reason, few people admit that they talk to themselves or understand the critical nature of this internal dialogue. HABITUATION AND HABIT FORMATION: Habituated thinking patterns develop like certain streets in Boston. In the older parts of the city, the streets follow the paths used by long dead cows to get between barn and pasture. The issue here is that we tend to get â€Å"stuck† in a set of behaviors and patterns of thought that do not support our pursuit of worldly success or self-mastery. Habits start developing at a young age, and continue to build on them as a person become older. Sometime negative habits are recognised, but the person may feel like they are a part of who they are, so they hold on to them. There are also some individuals who seem to be in denial and do not seem to recognize their negative habits at all. If one pay close attention to oneself as it relates to our everyday lives and our dealings with others, we will likely find habits that we need to change. HOMEOSTASIS: â€Å"The mind acts like a rubber band that when stretched, tends to snap back to the way it was. † It’s hard to build new mental or behavioral habits–and extremely difficult to stop an old habit and substitute a new one. This means that one-time bursts of motivation tend to produce little lasting effect. It’s safe to assume that new changes will be resisted by the motivational forces supporting the status quo (homeostasis). ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT: Many powerful leaders have immature Egos. Arrested development essentially means that Ego growth has stopped prematurely. There are many symptoms one can experience. One symptom of this immaturity is the leader who cannot control their emotions. Another is a boss who blames others while failing to look at their own personal contribution to the problem. A third symptom is someone with high IQ but low emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is said to be a ladder comprising self awareness, self management, social awareness and relationship management at each level. EMOTIONS: The study found that 26% of new hires fail because they can’t accept feedback, 23% because they’re unable to understand and manage emotions, 17% because they lack the necessary motivation to excel, 15% because they have the wrong temperament for the job, and only 11% because they lack the necessary technical skills. This aspect deals with people who fail on managing their emotions. There is another aspect to these emotions where on the journey of discovering the real self many fail to trust their emotions. These people have very high chances of failing at a job in the long run. At a particular point of time they lose their passion for the job and business. The intensity which they once had is lost. They do not think through their heart, hence in the long run they lose passion for what they work or do. Analysis and logic are part of decision making process but what ignites an individual to take action is said to be emotions. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: John Tierney, International Herald Tribune says that for half a century, social psychologists have been trying to figure out the human gift for rationalizing irrational behavior. Why did we evolve with brains that salute our shrewdness for buying the neon yellow car with bad gas mileage? Cognitive dissonance commonly operates as an unconscious mechanism and so it is difficult to detect. It is associated with buyers remorse and purchasers regret when it comes to making important purchases. More importantly, it provides insight into why man takes pride in his stupid decisions. OVERCOMING BARRIERS / CREATING A CHANGE: Recognizing is the first step to making changes. Then an action plan is required to overcome these barriers. Each of these action plans are clearly explained as follows. †¢ Being a creature of habit and automatic thinking is dangerous in a world of constant change. Identify the bad habits. Notice the patterns. Listening to the things other people say to about oneself. They may say the same negative things. These feedbacks can be used as a fuel to work on becoming a better person. A journal of the behaviors can be maintained that a person desire to change. Write down the efforts made and results obtained. This would motivate the person to continue to work on changing other things. †¢ By discovering oneself, personal interests and what the person is capable of ignorance can be eliminated. This self discovery can be followed by the following action plan. ? Expanding knowledge ? Killing ego ? Never say die attitude †¢ Analyzing one’s personality over the entire lifetime is necessary to determine the personality trait they belong to. A common mistake people make is analyzing oneself based on the present and this can be down right misleading. In Myer Brigg’s a person may type himself according to his inferior function. A normally calm person would see himself anxious and reactive under high degree of stress. This can be overcome by looking at oneself throughout his life and notice what it has in common. [pic] †¢ Negative self talk can be overcome by developing positive thinking and attitude. The following action plan would overcome negative attitude overtime. ? Stop talking, start writing- Instead of talking about one’s problems write it down and make a note of the cause for the problem. ? Commit oneself to thinking about the life they actually want and start visualizing it. ? Savor each moment Exercise gratitude ? Do not waste time dwelling on the past ? Keep a sense of humor. ? Belief that can change one’s life †¢ In order to overcome ego of oneself, the person must be brutally honest to himself, willingness to accept change. A self monitor must be installed in their mind that constantly analysis their activities. They can also ask their friends to monitor them and provide feedback. CONCLUSION: â€Å"I am what I am† To know oneself, will be an invitation as well as a challenge. It is an invitation to look deeply into oneself and to learn how gifted they are. It is a challenge to make a personal decision to enhance these gifts and do something about the short comings. Love, understand and appreciate the real self rather than seeking for the ideal self and thus true happiness is obtained. True happiness is a spontaneous feeling of inner peace, joy and contentment which is the result of introspection a person turn within and establish contact with inner nature. REFERENCES: 1. â€Å"Twelve Psychological Barriers To Self-Actualization and Personal Success† By Murray Johannsen. 2. â€Å"Positive Thinking – Your 7 Step Action Plan By Jinger Jarrett 3. â€Å"Knowing yourself well† by Donna P. Lendzyk How to cite Challenges of Knowing Yourself and the Quesr for Happiness, Papers

“Blue Eyes” Technology Essay Example For Students

â€Å"Blue Eyes† Technology Essay TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT Is it possible to create a computer which can interact with us as we interact each other? For example imagine in a fine morning you walk on to your computer room and switch on your computer, and then it tells you â€Å"Hey friend, good morning you seem to be a bad mood today. And then it opens your mail box and shows you some of the mails and tries to cheer you. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by â€Å"BLUE EYES† in the very near future. The basic idea behind this technology is to give the computer the human power. We all have some perceptual abilities. That is we can understand each others feelings. For example we can understand ones emotional state by analyzing his facial expression. If we add these perceptual abilities of human to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. The â€Å"BLUE EYES† technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. How can we make computers see and feel? INTRODUCTION: Animal survival depends on highly developed sensory abilities. Likewise, human cognition depends on highly developed abilities to perceive, integrate, and interpret visual, auditory, and touch information. Without a doubt, computers would be much more powerful if they had even a small fraction of the perceptual ability of animals or humans. Adding such perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers and humans to work together more as partners. Blue Eyes uses sensing technology to identify a users actions and to extract key information. This information is then analyzed to determine the users physical, emotional, or informational state, which in turn can be used to help make the user more productive by performing expected actions or by providing expected information. For example, in future a Blue Eyes-enabled television could become active when the user makes eye contact, at which point the user could then tell the television to turn on. This paper is about the hardware, software, benefits and interconnection of various parts involved in the â€Å"blue eye† technology. Toward this end, the Blue Eyes aims at creating computational devices with the sort of perceptual abilities that people take for granted Blue eyes is being developed by the team of Poznan University of Technology Microsoft. It makes use of the â€Å"blue tooth technology developed by Ericsson. PARTS OF A BLUE EYE SYSTEM: The major parts in the Blue eye system are Data Acquisition Unit and Central System Unit. The tasks of the mobile Data Acquisition Unit are to maintain Bluetooth connections, to get information from the sensor and sending it over the wireless connection, to deliver the alarm messages sent from the Central System Unit to the operator and handle personalized ID cards. Central System Unit maintains the other side of the Bluetooth connection, buffers incoming sensor data, performs on-line data analysis, records the conclusions for further exploration and provides visualization interface. THE HARDWARE: Data Acquisition Unit: Data Acquisition Unit is a mobile part of the Blue eyes system. Its main task is to fetch the physiological data from the sensor and to send it to the central system to be processed. To accomplish the task the device must manage wireless Bluetooth connections (connection establishment, authentication and termination). Personal ID cards and PIN codes provide operators authorization. Communication with the operator is carried on using a simple 5-key keyboard, a small LCD display and a beeper. When an exceptional situation is detected the device uses them to notify the operator. .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e , .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .postImageUrl , .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e , .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:hover , .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:visited , .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:active { border:0!important; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:active , .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6c48408d06b4c6e46a08ae9a846be9e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Travelling EssayVoice data is transferred using a small headset, interfaced to the DAU with standard mini-jack plugs. The Data Acquisition Unit comprises several hardware modules * Atmel 89C52 microcontroller system core * Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008) * HD44780 small LCD display * 24C16 I2C EEPROM (on a removable ID card) * MC145483 – 13bit PCM codec * Jazz Multisensor interface * beeper and LED indicators ,6 AA batteries and voltage level monitor CENTRAL SYSTEM UNIT: Central System Unit hardware is the second peer of the wireless connection. The box contains a Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008) and a PCM codec for voice data transmission. The module is interfaced to a PC using a parallel, serial and USB cable. The audio data is accessible through standard mini-jack sockets To program operators personal ID cards we developed a simple programming device. The programmer is interfaced to a PC using serial and PS/2 (power source) ports. Inside, there is Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller, which handles UART transmission and I2C EEPROM (ID card) programming. THE SOFTWARE: Blue Eyes softwares main task is to look after working operators physiological condition. To assure instant reaction on the operators condition change the software performs real time buffering of the incoming data, real-time physiological data analysis and alarm triggering. The Blue Eyes software comprises several functional modules System core facilitates the transfers flow between other system modules (e. g. transfers raw data from the ConnectionManager to data analyzers, processed data from the data analyzers to GUI controls, other data analyzers, data logger etc. ). The System Core fundamental are single-producer-multi-consumer thread safe queues. Any number of consumers can register to receive the data supplied by a producer. Every single consumer can register at any number of producers, receiving therefore different types of data. Naturally, every consumer may be a producer for other consumers. This approach enables high system scalability – new data processing modules (i. e. filters, data analyzers and loggers) can be easily added by simply registering as a costumer. Connection Manager is responsible for managing the wireless communication between the mobile Data Acquisition Units and the central system. The Connection Manager handles: * communication with the CSU hardware * searching for new devices in the covered range * establishing Bluetooth connections * connection authentication * incoming data buffering * sending alers Data Analysis module performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about the operator’s physiological condition. The separately running Data Analysis module supervises each of the working operators. The module consists of a number of smaller analyzers extracting different types of information. Each of the analyzers registers at the appropriate Operator Manager or another analyzer as a data consumer and, acting as a producer, provides the results of the analysis. The most important analyzers are: * saccade detector monitors eye movements in order to determine the level of operators visual attention * pulse rate analyzer uses blood oxygenation signal to compute operators pulse rate * custom analyzers recognize other behaviors than those which are built-in the system. The new modules are created using C4. decision tree induction algorithm Visualization module provides a user interface for the supervisors. It enables them to watch each of the working operator’s physiological condition along with a preview of selected video source and related sound stream. All the incoming alarm messages are instantly signaled to the supervisor. The Visualization module can be set in an off-line mode, where all the data is fetched from the database. Watching all the recorded physiolog ical parameters, alarms, video and audio data the supervisor is able to reconstruct the course of the selected operator’s duty. The physiological data is presented using a set of custom-built GUI controls: * a pie-chart used to present a percentage of time the operator was actively acquiring the visual information * A VU-meter showing the present value of a parameter time series displaying a history of selected parameters value. BLUE-EYES BENEFITS: * Prevention from dangerous incidents * Minimization of ecological consequences financial loss a threat to a human life BlueEyes system provides technical means for monitoring and recording human-operators physiological condition. .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a , .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .postImageUrl , .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a , .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:hover , .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:visited , .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:active { border:0!important; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:active , .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff6865b5066bd4582ac17775824cd00a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hesters Letter EssayThe key features of the system are: * visual attention monitoring (eye motility analysis) * physiological condition monitoring (pulse rate, blood oxygenation) * operators position detection (standing, lying) * wireless data acquisition using Bluetooth technology * real-time user-defined alarm triggering * physiological data, operators voice and overall view of the control room recording * recorded data playback BlueEyes system can be applied in every working environment requiring permanent operators attention: * at power plant control rooms * at captain bridges at flight control centers CONCLUSION: In future it is possible to create a computer which can interact with us as we interact each other with the use of blue eye technology. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by â€Å"BLUE EYES† in the very near future. ordinary household devices such as televisions, refrigerators, and ovens may be able to do their jobs when we look at them and speak to them. REFERENCES 1. www. ieee. org. com 2. www. umtsworld. com/technology/spreading. htm 3. ww. bee. net/mhendry/vrml/library 4. joseph j. carr john m. rown,†introduction to blue eyes technology†,published in ieee spectrum magazine. 5. www. bluenetworks. or/nemo/drafts 6. www. estoile. com/links/ipsec. htm 7. A. jajszczyk,†automatically switched blue eyes networks:Benefits and Requirement,†IEEE blue toooth. feb 2005,vol 3,no1,pp. 8. A . Banerjee, †Generalized multi protocol label switching: an over view of computer enhancements and recovery techniques,†IEEE† commun. magvol 39. 9. J. jones, L. ong, and m. lazer,†cre ating and intelligent technology network/worldwide interoperability demonstration. †IEEEcommun . mag. ,vol 42.

Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment

Background of Grey Water Treatment Pidou et al. (123) note that literature on the treatment of grey water has been there since 1970s. Membrane filtration accompanied with disinfection was among the primary technologies investigated for physical treatment. Biological treatment technologies like the aerated bioreactors rotating biological contactor and biological aerated filters were investigated in the 1980s and 1990s (Pidou et al. 123).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the decade, the simple physical separation procedure fitted in residential places. At the turn of the millennia, MBRs as well as reed beds were introduced as alternatively sophisticated and cheaper technologies. Chemical treatment has also featured in literature, thereafter. Figure 1: A diagrammatic representation of chemical tec hnologies that applies filtration or flotation. Source: Pidou et al. (30) Figure 2: A diagrammatic scheme of a biological wastewater treatment system Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Chipasa (137) Description of Bio-Processes for Grey Water Treatment Bio-processes in grey water treatment include fixed film reactors, rotating biological contactor, anaerobic filters, sequencing batch reactor, membrane bioreactors, and biological aerated filters (BAF) (Pidou et al. 18). Much of the literature reveals that in most settings bioprocesses hardly operated as standalone unless intended for pilot investigations. Often, sedimentation, disinfection or screenings were installed as physical pre-treatment preceding the bioprocess systems (Pidou et al. 13). In other arrangements bioprocesses with membranes as in the case of activated carbon, MBRs, sand filters or extensive treat ment technologies such as constructed wetland (Hastuti, Medawaty and Pamekas 368). The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology was a direct improvement of the Fixed Film Activated Sludge Process. At the onset of 1990s, Norway improvised the first MBBR. Thereafter, the corporate behind the invention began setting up small treatment units with design that integrated MBBR as well as the Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority recommendation. In the recent past, there has been proliferations of large plants that apply the MBBR technology thus give the treatment method a big publicity in the wastewater industry. MBBR procedures are undertaken on bio-film systems within heavy carriers, which mix wastewater as well as suspend on the reactor with turbulence. The system occurs between an activated sludge and an immovable bed bio-film system. MBBR boasts most of its strength from activated sludge coupled with bio-film carrier elements that are produced from polyethylene whose density falls below that of water. The elements are modelled to allow a lot of surface area for the bio-film. MBBR treat incoming wastewater through microorganisms that are cultured on bio-carriers that suspend in the fluid within the MBBR reactor. The microorganism contained in the bio-film is heterotrophic in nature; thus, utilize organic carbon to accumulate new biomass (Abdul-Majeed et al. 1551).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Facultative bacteria are some of the highly preferred heterotrophs as well as serve to dissolve oxygen in the fluid composite. The viscosity of the biomasses rises with the increase of microorganism numbers within the bio-carriers. The viscosity of the biomass impacts the strength of dissolved oxygen and substrate penetrating the bio-film. Those microorganisms on the frontiers o f the bio-film have accelerated ability to mix oxygen and substrate through every layer in the array within the bio-film strata. MBBR have an aeration component that lowers present dissolved oxygen where the bio-film has aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic strata. Nitrification in MBBRs has received rigorous research attention particularly with synthetic wastewater. Considering every bio-film reactors, nitrification rates are affected by the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the reactor, the concentration of cumulative ammonium nitrogen, organic load, the pH as well as alkalinity. It was demonstrated that at the temperature of 15⠁ ° C and surplus cumulated ammonium nitrogen within an organic load of 1gBOD5/m2 biofilm surface area/d and a concentration of DO of close to 5 mg/L; this had a capacity to achieve a cumulative ammonium nitrogen rate of elimination of 1 g NH4–N/ (m2.d). The quality of the water treated Building complexes have resulted to use biological schemes in col lege hostels, stadiums and multi storey houses. This is tied to the bioprocesses efficiency on the Hydraulic retention times (HRTs) that falls between 0.8 hours and 2.8 days. High strength grey water requires treatment systems that have higher HRTs such as mixed grey water and laundry wastewater whose BOD concentration ranges between 645 and 300-1200 mg.L-1. Compared to others biological systems perform fairly better at a mean time of 19 hours. Such systems have organic loading rates for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) on the range of 0.10 and 7.49 kg.m-3.day-1; while for BOD varies from 0.08 to 2.38 kg.m-3.day-1 (Pidou et al. 14). In the case of the MBRs, organic loading rate values are lower at 0.88 kgCOD.m-3.day-1 compared to the standard wastewater treatment range of 1.2-3.2 kgCOD.m-3.day-1.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stand alone systems applying the BAF, bio-films or rotating biological contactor (RBC) have their organic loading rate 1.32 kgBOD.m-3.day-1 thus their range falls within 0.3-1.4 kgBOD.m-3.day-1 (Pidou et al. 14). Regardless of the range and type of the bioprocess, systems that integrate a biological component have efficacy in eliminating organic and other solids. Actually, there efficacy has been proved to be well above top range standards for reuse with residual results whose concentrations fall below 10 mg.L-1 (Pidou et al. 14). An investigation into the turbidity concentrations achieved by biological systems, effluents residual have been positively below 8 NTU. Additionally, close to all schemes with bioprocesses achieved suspended solid residual under 15 mg.L-1. Bioprocesses performed better in the elimination of microorganisms by means for faecal coliforms and total coliforms at 5.2 log and 4.8 log, respectively (Pidou et al. 14). At the remedial concentrations of 20 cfu.100mLà ¢â‚¬â€œ 1 through biological treatment, faecal and total coliforms remained below the stringent targets. An advantage of MBR as a bioprocess for treatment is its efficiency for the eliminating microbial without having a disinfection stage. To demonstrate this, Pidou et al. (15) achieved a 5 log and a residual concentration that is less than 30 cfu.100mL-1. Other schemes employing MBR bioprocesses have given the robust elimination of the organic and solid residues at mean for BOD, turbidity and suspended solids at 3 mg.L-1, 3 NTU and 6 mg.L-1, respectively. However, the capability of bioprocesses treatment schemes are mildly impacted by changes in the strength and flow of grey water and potential shock loading (Pidou et al. 15). Studies on the domestic product spiking on biomass resulting from an MBR showed that at EC50 the relative toxicity for perfume (at 2.5 mL.L-1), bleach (at 7 mL.L-1), washing powder (at 20 mL.L-1), caustic soda (at 23 mL.L-1) and vegetable oil (at 29 mL.L-1). In other studies, the ability of MBR to revert to its initial performance capacity within a shorter period was indicative that MBR are minimally interrupted by feed, air or both; hence highly reliable. In the case when the feed was grounded for 25 days, no interruption was reported. However, there were different results when BAF was subjected to the same conditions. With BAF, short interval stoppages had no performance implications, but longer led to rise in effluent concentrations and periods for recovery across factors. According to Pidou et al. (15), return to original-standards period as a result of feed stoppages lasting a third of a day were a sixth of a day for turbidity and TSS and close to two for coliforms. Moreover, air stoppages lasting same period had a return to normalcy period were for BOD was 4 hours; for turbidity was 4 hours; for suspended solids was 24 hours; for faecal coliforms was 28 hours and for total coliforms was 24 hours. When air and feed stoppages were b oth combined, the return to normalcy period lasted the longest were BOD was 40 hours; turbidity was 40 hours; suspended solids were 4 hours; faecal coliforms was 24 hours and total coliforms was 48 hours. None of the factors had regained the initial normalcy in less than two days when feeds were interrupted for 25 days. Pidou et al. (16) observes there lacks adequate information on the cost for installation of bioprocess treatment systems. Previous studies on installation estimated a capital spending of  £3,345 for systems that served 40 students boarding and comprised of a deep bed filter, a buffering tank, Granular Activated Charcoal (GAC) and an aerated bio-filter. Spending on operation and maintenance on the consumables, energy and labor were annually estimated at  £128. The return on investment was measured in terms of water savings with an annual estimation of  £516 lasting over a period of 8-9 years (Pidou et al. 16). It was projected that installing the system on a new ly constructed house would cut the capital spending by  £1,720 and readjust the period on return on investment by 4-5 years. In a different bioprocess installation system that included a UV disinfection chamber, screening filter, a solids filter as well as a treatment tank on a bio-film generated by collection balls fitted to serve a household had a cost range between  £2,514 and  £3,325. Nevertheless, it was not immediately clear on the O M cost as well as the return on investment details for the installation (Pidou et al. 16). There are cheaper treatment installations done at a capital cost of about  £197 that serve the housing of six persons that comprise of four plastic barrels. A treatment installation that had a sand filter, a UV disinfection chamber as well as a septic tank had a capital spending in  £2,230 as well as an annual operating cost of  £87. The return on investment that recovered cost was annual water saving of  £34 (Pidou et al. 16). About  £30,00 0 will be capital budget for installing a bioreactor with a disinfector, sand filter and aerated for student resident wastewater treatment. The estimated annual spending for operations and maintenance was  £611, while the return on investment through water savings was  £166 (Pidou et al. 16). Aqua-EMBR (Aquatech’s Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor) is a recent biological treatment technology applied at refineries and petrochemical settings. The treatment system has been effectively tried in the Middle East oil plants. The treatment system has further been enhanced via High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis capabilities to recover 90 percent high quality permeate. The quality of the treatment meets the standards for recycling which is fed into the system for demineralising. Compared to the original MBR technologies, the Aqua-EMBR has some additional strength. Aqua-EMBR works without a membrane tank hence faster build up with reduced risks to the operators. This technology has limited civil work requirements during installations, for instance can be mounted as skid on a level concrete slab. Operators and proponent face fewer risks in the event of delays posed by weather elements, environmental threats as well as other local eventualities during structural setting up (Al-Hamaiedeh and Bino 115). Compared to submerged systems, Aqua-EMBR technologies are user friendly as well as convenient. The systems manager hardly senses the obnoxious smell or view or directly touches the bio-sludge (Xia et al. 7391). There are no exposed (from top) membrane tanks from where ambient air interacts with harmful aerosols. In the event of need for operational checks and repairs, membrane modules can be replaced without direct contact with bio-sludge. This is not the case with submerged membrane modules mucked by sludge, hence creating chances for operators to get direct contact with when lifting out of the tank. The system has flux that is higher by 50 percent which reduces the need for surface area vis-à  -vis volumes permeate production by half. This lowers the capital spending and operational cost from the costing aggregation of membrane cost per unit volume filtrate. The Aqua-EMBR technologies provide footprint of lower than a fifth, which is the least known. The technology promises cost savings by eliminating unnecessary man-hour attentions and chemical input costs. While contrasting with submerged systems, Aqua-EMBR technologies have reduced electricity needs by about 12.5 percent through the application of airlift pump effect. The Aqua-EMBR technologies boast of the finest membrane pore type, which at the lower side are 30 nm and higher at 50 nm. The technology has a treatment efficacy of less than 0.2 NTU for turbidity and less than 0.5 mg/l for total suspended solid. Advantages of Biological Grey water Treatment Compared to other treatment technologies, bioprocesses are capable of eliminating organics. These technologies apply for only short retention times (Pidou et al. 18). While, other technology have a necessity for the disinfection stage to meet the standard for the elimination of microbial; MBR (a biological grey water treatment technology) does not need (Pidou et al. 18). Pidou et al. (18) explains that the higher efficacy of technologies was observed when combinations of technologies were applied in a scheme. While, an aerated biological reactor alongside sand filter had a low strength treatment of grey water. The scheme had GAC and disinfection retention concentration for BOD of 2 mg.L-1; a turbidity level of 1 NTU and total coliforms count of 1 cfu.100mL-1. Elsewhere, the combination of a disinfector, RBC as well as sendimentation filter has attended waster water from bathing with residual results of 0.6 NTU for turbidity; 5 mg.L-1 for suspended solids; 2 mg.L-1 for BOD and 1 cfu.100mL-1 for faecal coliforms (Pidou et al. 18). At an individual level, only the MBR that had activated sludge and membrane had the capacity to proximate such results. A side-stream membrane bioreactor demonstrated residual results for treating grey water indicate a BOD of 1 mg.L-1; turbidity of 1 NTU; suspended solids of 4 mg.L-1 as well as total coliforms count of 1 cfu.100mL-1. A submerged membrane bioreactor gave residual results with undetectable levels of suspended solids and coliforms; BOD of less than 5 mg.L-1 as well as turbidity levels below 1 NTU. Thus, it can be concluded that the MBR scheme is able to demonstrate residual results that meet the thresholds for reuse. Notably, the level of treatment relies on the reuse application. According to Pidou et al. (20), biological treatment systems were found to have efficient hydraulic retention time of 19 hours over others. MBBR allow choice of the filling of bio-film carriers in the reactor that allows the carrier to be suspended freely (Colic, Acha and Lechter 4150). The filling allowance extends up to 70 percent. The carriers are simply small plastic tubes with d iameter and length of up to 5cm. The production material is polyethylene with a density nearing g/cm3. The carrier is provided with several chambers that increase the total surface area of the bio-film. Thus, the features allow the treatment system to attend high strength industrial wastewater. MBBR surface area provides room for modification thus different shapes and size have been applied, while remaining effective. It is imperative to assess the contribution of a water treatment to sustainable water management based on local settings as well as regional suitability. Though biological treatment technologies such as MBBR require substantively more energy investment to achieve a desirable carbon footprint, they are preferable to serve a wider area for quality grey water and economized energy vis-à  -vis schemes developed from other technologies. The advantages associated with MBBR include existing basins allow for increasing capacity, easily managed and operational; hardly do bio-f ilm clog, no need for sludge return and enhanced nitrification for existing activated sludge facilities. According to BP North America (35), benefits associated with MBBR include: no need for more acreage, has the capacity to eliminate phenol to an influent concentration of 200 mg/L, maintenance cost is manageable and has acceptable lifespan. In addition, has robust tolerance ability to toxic shocks and insignificant sludge bulking issues as well as desirable eliminating capacity compared to other attached growth bioprocesses. Nevertheless, these bioprocesses have used a lot of energy. Disadvantages of Biological Grey water Treatment Extensive grey water treatment is the only technologies have more footprint than the rest. Biological treatment technologies provide limited footprint considering smaller spaces available in the urban environments. There are schemes incorporating a rotating biological contactor, sedimentation tank as well a disinfection occupying a 15m3 volume that serv es 70 occupants in a storey resident, hence servicing at a meagre 0.2 m2 per person connected. Direct disadvantages associated with MBBR are elevated flows create potential loss of the element and the need for more stages to eliminate biological phosphorus. Moreover, there is a need for drive process to achieve more influent BOD loadings. MBBR achieve higher performance with extensive screening and removal or grit. Analysis of Domestic Grey Water Mix Grey water is a by-product the living habits of water consumers and hence the installations used in the due course result in variations in the ultimate characteristics of the water. The degree of variation depends on the intensity and diverse domestic uses resulting in grey and wastewater (Pidou, 9). Analysis of the characteristics with reference to the type of household activity generating shows that kitchen and laundry sources produce more compared to others in terms of organics and physical pollutants. Arguably, kitchen wastewater ac companies food waste; while laundry wastewater has in its substantial contents of washing detergents (vis-à  -vis its volume) (Pidou, 9). Those households that do laundry outdoor the wastewater may contain in its sand and clay particles. Water from the bathroom (also referred to as the light grey water) contains mainly washing products and hair that are minimally concentrated as well as small proportions of organic materials. The level of physical contaminants ranges between 33 – 249 NTU for composite grey water that is an indicator of high turbidity when compared to that of the sewer or potable natural water. The popular range particle size that cause turbidity occurs within 5 and 200ÃŽ ¼m. Pidou (9) explain that particle size for various sources of water in bathroom fall in the range of 10-100ÃŽ ¼m; moreover molecules contained in grey water have molecular weight less than 3kDa. Grey water composite whose mean concentration level falls between 154 and 113 mg.L-1 for BOD as well as suspended particles, respectively, has concentration strengths that range between low to medium relative sewage (Pidou, 10). Analysis of wastewater from bathroom falls within the low to medium strength of sewage; laundry falls at medium to high; while, kitchen sink at high strength sewage. The ratio of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) estimates at 3.2. In most cases, domestic sewage and effluent discharge have their ratios at 2.2 and between 3 – 10, respectively (Pidou, 10). The values reported for grey water imply that the biodegradability is relatively low. The COD:N:P ratio with values of 1:0.02:0.01 for grey water composite provided the necessary confirmation. Actually, the ratio reported for the same for sewage is at 1:0.09:0.02 (Pidou 12). It can be concluded the low rich nutrient of grey water contributes to the diminished biodegradability. Analysis of waste water from bathrooms and laundry activities gives the ratio for COD:N:P at 1:0.02:0.06 and 1:0.02:0.15, respectively an indicator of the high concentration of phosphorus (Pidou, 10). The absence of N and P in the wastewater is because that comes from human waste. Pidou (11) explains that more than four-fifths and two-thirds domestic loads of N and P, respectively come from faeces and urine. Pidou (11) explains that across the different wastewater types, the number of microbial ranged between 101 and 108 cfu/100mL. Moreover, added that the relative number of coliforms varies with the population distribution of residents found in the respective catchments (Pidou 12). Interestingly, households that had no children had low total and faecal coliforms count at 80 and 6 cfu.100mL-1 compared to households with children at 3.2Ãâ€"105 and 1.5Ãâ€"103 cfu.100mL-1, respectively. Principally, investigations on grey water have established the presence of E. Coli, faecal coliforms and total coliforms as indicators of contamination. There are likely chances of finding in grew water a variety of bacteria, protozoa, helminths as well as pathogenic viruses (Pidou 12). Hygiene and sanitation activities such as bathing of the young; after the toilet hand wash; doing contaminated apparel as well as rinsing edibles are the most likely contributors of microorganisms ending up in the grey water. In a Swedish residential study, it was found that grey water had 101.4-104 cfu.100mL-1 for somatic coliphages as well as 102.3-104.8 cfu.100mL-1 for C. perfringes spores.   The constituent for faecal enterococci was at 103-105.1 cfu.100mL-1; while the concentration of E. Coli and coliforms were 104.3-106.8 cfu.100mL-1 and 105.5-108.7 cfu.100mL-1, respectively (Pidou 12). Heavy metals also accompany domestic grey water. These include zinc cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, cobalt and chromium. Grey water has also been found to have high amounts of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) (Pidou 12). It is highly advised not to discharge grey water after reus e due to toxic as well as environmental risks posed by the presence of xenobiotic organic contents in domestic ingredients. There are higher chances of coming across XOCs in surfactants, preservatives and antioxidants, softeners, solvents, fragrances and flavours. The XOCs are not biodegradable, but also bio-accumulative. There are bio-concentration factors more than 100 as well as a log Kow beyond 3. The toxicity with EC/LC50 is less than 1 mg.L-1. Pidou (12) cites that kitchen and laundry waters lead to higher toxicity levels in the domestic grey water. Analysis of Oil Refinery Wastewater Mix According to Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (251) oil refinery activity require colossal amounts of water for desalting, catalytic and treatment procedures to generate desired outcomes, such as LPG, jet fuel, and petrochemical feedstock as well as distillation and thermal cracking. It is estimated that the amount of wastewater generated is 0.4 to 1.6 times the quantity of unrefined oils. Neverthel ess, release of untreated oil refinery wastewater into water masses poses environmental as well as human health impacts associated with harmful contaminants such as phenol, hydrocarbons, and dissolved minerals (Alade et al. 163). Some hydrocarbons are carcinogenic. Persistent exposure to contaminants may lead to health complications like leukemia as well as tumor growths on organs. However, oil refinery wastewater has been treated using physical and chemical approaches, higher costs for chemicals and apparatus and massive sludge formation has made the biological approaches to be highly preferred. Biological wastewater treatment methods are elementary, affordable as well as environmentally friendly. The application of membrane bioreactor achieved elimination efficacy within the range of 78 and 98 percent for COD, 96 and 99 percent for BOD, 74 and 99 percent for TSS and 99 to 100 percent for turbidity. Table 1: Proportions of Water Use at the Domestic Level Purpose Proportion Used (in %) Toilet wash-out 35 Wash basin 8 Overhead bathing 5 Ordinary Bathing 15 Laundry 12 Utencil cleaning 4 Out door activities 6 Kitchen sink 15 Source: Pidou et al. (34) Table 2: Distribution of Domestic Water Reuse Domestic Reuse % Water Reused Toilet flushing 54% Irrigation and Garden watering 36% Outdoor use and cleaning 5% Laundry 2.5% Infiltration 2.5% Source: Pidou et al. (36) Table 3: The Characteristics of Domestic Grey Water Source BOD (mg.L-1) SS (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) Mixed grey water 5-466 (154) 25-304 (113) 33-240 (84) 102-108 (107) Bath 129-192 (161) 47-58 (53) 46-60 (53) 102-104 (103) Shower 99-212 (155) 15-353 (173) 21-375 (131) 101-104(104) Hand basin 33-252 (138) 36-505 (183) 102-164 (133) 103-106(105) Kitchen 536-1460 (891) 235-720 (528) – – Laundry 48-472 (276) 68-465 (238) 50-444 (254) 103-106(105) Standards 10 10 2 ND Sewage 282 ±68 191 ±68 – 2.4Ãâ€"1 09 ±2.2Ãâ€"109 Adopted from Pidou (12) Table 4: The Characteristics of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Aspect Estimates 1 Estimates 2 Estimates 3 Estimates 4 BOD5, mg/l 570 150 – 350 150 -350 – COD, mg/l 850-1020 300 – 800 300 – 600 330 – 556 Phenol, mg/ 98-128 20 – 200 – – Oil, mg/l 12.7 3000 50 40 -91 TSS, mg/l – 100 150 130 -250 Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX), mg/l 23.9 1 – 100 – – Heavy metals, mg/l – 0.1 – 100 – – Chrome, mg/l – 0.2 – 10 – – Ammonia, mg/l 5.1 – 2.1 – 10 – 30 4.1 – 33.4 pH 8.0 – 8.2 – 7 – 9 7.5 – 10.3 Turbidity, NTU 22 – 52 – – 10.5 -159.4 Source: Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (252); Mahmoudkhani et al. (13) Table 5: XOCs contributed into the domestic grey water XOCs source Toxic content Surfactan ts benzalkonium chloride and alkylphenol ethoxylates Preservatives and antioxidants bronopol and triclosan Softeners diisononylphtalate and phosphonates Solvents heptane and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Fragrances and flavours hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and styrene Modified from Pidou (12) Table 6: Performance of MBBR Capacity on Conventional Sludge Parameter Performance Footprint requirement Low Efficacy in nutrient elimination High Tolerance of toxics Better than Conventional Activated Sludge Sludge settling Poor in toxic stress conditions Elimination of advanced total suspended solids (TSS) Variable Capacity to manage concentration surges Good Enhanced heavy crude degradation Good Tolerance to low temperatures Good Waste release Med Energy consumption – Procedure for implementation Relatively straight forward Retrofit against new construction Retrofit, modular, needs additional retrofits Other Problems Abrasion losses 2%/yr; Limits fine bubbl e aeration Capital spending Low Source: BP North America (28) Table 7: Wastewater Parameters before and after MBBR Installation Parameter Before MBBR Installation After MBBR Flow 50 GPM 75 GPM Total Suspended Solids (TSS) About 200 TSS/mg/l About 900 TSS/mg/l Flocculants (fats oil and grease) About 150 FOG/mg/l About 650 FOG/mg/l BOD About 1,500 BOD/mg/l About 6,200 BOD/mg/l Source: Colic et al. (17) Table 8: Average Performance within a Month’s Period Parameter Before MBBR After MBBR Clarifier Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 45 TSS/mg/l 20 TSS/mg/l Flocculants (fats oil and grease) 12 FOG/mg/l 1 FOG/mg/l BOD 1,100 BOD/mg/l 18 BOD/mg/l Source: Colic et al. (18) Assessment of Oil Refinery Wastewater Treatment Performance Across Biological Treatment Technologies Technology Operation Cost Toxic Removal Sludge settleability Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Very good Good Very good Normal Continuously Stirred Tank Bioreactor (CSTB) Very good Good G ood Good Membrane Bioreactor Very good Good Very good Good Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (FBB) Good Good Very good Good Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Good Good Good Good Source: Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (254) Table 9: The stringent Standards for Wastewater Reuse Country Application Aspect BOD (mg.L-1) TSS (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) Faecal Coliforms (cfu.100mL-1) Total Coliforms (cfu.100mL-1) Japan Toilet flushing – – 2 – ND Landscape – – 2 – 1000 Recreational – – 2 – ND Israel Wastewater Reuse 10 10 – 1 – Spain, Canary Islands Wastewater reuse 10 3 2 – 2.2 USA, California Unrestricted water reuse – – 2 avg 5 max – 2.2 avg 23 max in 30 days USA, Florida Unrestricted water reuse 20 5 – 25% of sample ND and 25 max – Australia, Queensland Greywater reuse for garden watering in unsewered area 20 30 – – 100 Canada, British Col umbia Unrestricted urban reuse 10 5 2 2.2 Source: Pidou et al. (35) Research theories and its application MBR According to Yang, Cicek and Ilg (201), research on membrane bioreactor technology has in the recent past concentrate on the UK, Japan and France, though the additional input has come from Germany, South Korea and China. There has been keen interest to integrate gas and extraction function within the MBRs solutions. Scholarly works have delved on topical issues like fouling, optimizing operational performance and microbial characterization (Yang, Cicek and Ilg 201). Other areas likely to benefit from MBR innovation include elimination of a nitrate treatment for drinking water, elimination of endocrine disrupting compounds from wastewater streams and water types, improving bio-fuels generation through the membrane aided fermentation and gas production and purification on MBRs (Yang, Cicek and Ilg 201). MBBR The recent development in biological wastewater treatment has sev eral facets. The introduction of new technology of bio-film processes a derivative of activated sludge process under the theory of biological wastewater treatment. Another face is the elementary process of wastewater treatment through processing system that result in biological transformation of organic matter such as the nitrification and de-nitrification. There are advancement on the biological process of phosphorus elimination and impact mechanism. Other areas of research advancement are Activated sludge model series, bio-film model series, pollution sludge treatment process solutions. Figure 3: Chronological account of Journal Artforle on MBR Technologies on Wastewater Treatment Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (202) Figure 4: Chronological and Country Distribution of Journal Publications of MBR Technologies Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (202) Table 10: Biological Wastewater Treatment Technologies Performance Location Housing/ Complex Type Scheme HRT (flow rate, Loading rate) Perf ormance COD (mg.L-1) BOD (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) TSS (mg.L-1) Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) Japan Stadium / Toilet flushing Screening + Sedimentation + Flotation + Rotating filters + Sand filter + Disinfection (622 m3/day) 243 6 336 20 – – 207 10 – 10 Japan House Anaerobic filter + Submerged bio-filter + Sedimentation + Disinfection (1.735 m3/day) – 11 – 8 – – – 6 – – Korea Pilot scale Sequencing batch reactor + MF hollow fibre membranes 13 hours (1.2 m3/day) 79 30 5 5 – – 185 – – – China Pilot scale Screening + Membrane bioreactor 3.6 hours 130-322 40 99 – 212 5 146 -185 1 15 -50 0 – ND Israel Student flats / Toilet Flushing Screening + Rotating biological reactor + Sedimentation + Sand filter + Disinfection About 18 hours 158 40 59 2 33 1 43 8 6.105+ 1+ Israel Student flats / Toilet flushing Screening + Membrane bioreactor + Disinfection About 18 hour s 206 47 95 1 80 0 103 13 3.105+ 27+ Jordan House / Irrigation Sedimentation + Anaerobic filter 1-2 days – – 300 -1200 375 – – – 107 – – Denmark Industrial laundry Membrane bioreactor 2-2.5 days (60 m3/day) 1700 50 645 2 – – – – – – Germany Apartment building / Toilet flushing Sedimentation + Rotating biological contactor + UV Disinfection (2.1 m3/day) 100 – 200 – 43 – 85 4 – – – – 104-105 104 Germany House / Toilet flushing Fluidized bed reactor + UV Disinfection (0.04 m3/day) 113 – 633 – 60 – 256 4 – – – – 103-105 104 Finland Apartment building / Toilet flushing Aerated biofilter + UV Disinfection – 8000 75 – – – – – – 1.106+ 20+ Australia House / Toilet flushing, laundry and garden watering Screening + Biofilm + UV Disinfection â€⠀œ – – – 9 – 6 – 9 – 0* Australia House / Toilet flushing and outdoor use Septic tank + Sand filter + UV Disinfection – – – 97 6 – 1 48 3 2.105 9 Norway Houses / Irrigation Septic tank + Aerated biofilter + Constructed wetland – – – 62 10# – – – – – 100 Germany Pilot scale Membrane bioreactor 10 hours 493 24 – – – – 7 4 – – UK Student residence / Toilet flushing Screening + Aerated biofilter + Deep-bed filter + Activated carbon – – – – 9 – 1 – 6 – 995 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter 4 hours (0.4 m3/m2/h) 363 80 131 5 – – 109 8 – – UK Student residence / Toilet flushing Biological reactor + Sand filter + GAC + Disinfection (263 m3/year) 201 62 – – 212 5 – – 7.105 3 UK Pilot scale Biological ae rated filter 3.7 hours (0.328 m3/day) 128 13 41 4 – 3 52 6 2.106 2.104 UK Pilot scale Submerged membrane bioreactor 13.6 hours (0.071 m3/day) 128 7 41 1 – 4 52 4 2.106 2 UK Pilot scale Membrane aeration bioreactor 0.8 hours (0.225 m3/day) 128 17 41 9 – 7 52 13 2.106 2.104 UK Pilot scale Side-stream Membrane bioreactor 2.8 days (0.137 m3/day) 273 2 181 1 – 1 58 4 3.104 1 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter + UF membrane 1.2 hours 80 6 – – 25 0 52 1 6.105 1 UK Pilot scale Biological reactor + Sand filter + GAC (2.88 m3/day) 34 12 21 2 20 1 – – 2.102 1 UK Arena / Toilet flushing Biological aerated filter 1.25-5 hours (120 m3/day) 84 14 – – – – 31 3 3.105 3.103 Source: Pidou et al. (41); Al-Mughalles et al. (290) Adaptation Of The Processes In Canada And North America According to Yang, Cicek and Ilg (201), the application of MBR in North America occupies 11 percent of global installa tions. Popular brand of MBR in North America is Zenon, though elsewhere Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon are the common installations. It is focussed that the rise in stringent standards for wastewater treatment may popularize the MBR technologies, globally; thus driving innovation. Figure 5: Distribution of Use of MBR Technologies Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (207) Conclusion Literature show that the MBR technologies application has centred on wastewater treatment from domestic sources; while, MBBR technologies have been used in the oil refinery wastewater. Information on the advancement of MBR technologies is easily available vis-à  -vis MBBR. This is probably, because the MBR technologies have present for longer than the MBBR ones. 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Yang, Wenbo, Nazim Cicek and John Ilg. â€Å"State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America.† Journal of Membrane Science. 270 (2006):201–211. elsevier. Web. This report on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment was written and submitted by user Alexzander W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.